Abstract
Hypertension is a major public health problem, affecting more than a quarter of the world's population causing serious cardiovascular problems. In recent years, different polymorphisms have been studied and helped to identify some candidate genes and hereditary syndromes associated with the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of hypertension. Therefore, it is important to identify these molecular mechanisms. This review exposes all the genes and polymorphisms that increase or decrease the risk of hypertension in different populations that are related to the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, G protein, salt excretion, aldosterone synthesis, lipid metabolism, mechanism of insulin resistance, vitamin metabolism, purines and sodium reabsorption. This document can be a useful tool in clinical practice, in addition to serving as a support for future research on this topic.
Keywords: Genetics, hypertension, polymorphism, epigenomics, epidemiology, haplotypes.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Yalçın Murat B, Şahin Melih E. An Approach to Essential Hypertension in Primary Care Settings. Balkan Med J 2002; 19: 162-70.
[2]
Vallée A, Safar ME, Blacher J. Hypertension artérielle permanente essentielle: définitions et revue hémodynamique, clinique et thérapeutique. Presse Med 2019; 48(1 Pt 1): 19-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2018.11.017] [PMID: 30665781]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2018.11.017] [PMID: 30665781]
[3]
Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS).. Hipertensión. Organización Mundial de la Salud 2017.http://www1.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2010/JNC7_interactivo.pdf
[4]
Kuri-Morales P. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública 2016; 151.http://www.epidemiologia.salud.gob.mx/doctos/encuestas/resultados/ENSANUT.pdf
[5]
Redon J, Chaves FJ, Liao Y, et al. Influence of the I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene on the outcome of microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2000; 35(1 Pt 2): 490-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10642347
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.35.1.490] [PMID: 10642347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.35.1.490] [PMID: 10642347]
[6]
Pamies-Andreu E, Ramirez-Lorca R, Stiefel García-Junco P, et al. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and G-protein beta-3 subunit gene polymorphisms in salt-sensitive essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2003; 17(3): 187-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001534] [PMID: 12624609]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001534] [PMID: 12624609]
[7]
Zhang H, Li X, Zhou L, et al. A novel haplotype of low-frequency variants in the aldosterone synthase gene among northern Han Chinese with essential hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96(39)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008150] [PMID: 28953657]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008150] [PMID: 28953657]
[8]
Liu X, Jiang C, Yang P. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5′ upstream region of the C4BPA gene with essential hypertension in a northeastern Han Chinese population. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16(2): 1289-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6736] [PMID: 28627632]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6736] [PMID: 28627632]
[9]
Li Q, Gao T, Yuan Y, et al. Association of CYP17A1 Genetic Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Essential Hypertension in the Southwest Han Chinese Population. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23: 2488-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.902109] [PMID: 28537227]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.902109] [PMID: 28537227]
[10]
Zhang H, Jin L, Mu T, et al. Associations of CYP4A11 gene-gene and gene-smoking interactions with essential hypertension in the male eastern Chinese Han population. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39(5): 448-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2016.1267201] [PMID: 28534704]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2016.1267201] [PMID: 28534704]
[11]
Singh S, McDonough CW, Gong Y, et al. Genome wide association study identifies the HMGCS2 locus to be associated with chlorthalidone induced glucose increase in hypertensive patients. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7(6): 2-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.007339] [PMID: 29523524]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.007339] [PMID: 29523524]
[12]
Chen YL, Li TJ, Hao Y, et al. Association of rs2271037 and rs3749585 polymorphisms in CORIN with susceptibility to hypertension in a Chinese Han population: A case-control study. Gene 2018; 651: 79-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.080] [PMID: 29391274]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.080] [PMID: 29391274]
[13]
Cai P, Peng Y, Li L, Chu W, Wang X. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) gene polymorphisms are associated with essential hypertension risk and blood pressure levels in Chinese Han population. Clin Exp Hypertens 2018; 40(7): 680-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2018.1425417] [PMID: 29336609]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2018.1425417] [PMID: 29336609]
[14]
Li J, Hu J, Sun R, et al. Association between Cullin-3 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism rs17479770 and Essential Hypertension in the Male Chinese Han Population. Dis Markers 2017; 2017
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3062759] [PMID: 28804198]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3062759] [PMID: 28804198]
[15]
Kuang DB, Zhou JP, Li MP, Tang J, Chen XP. Association of NPR3 polymorphism with risk of essential hypertension in a Chinese population. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12549] [PMID: 28497617]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12549] [PMID: 28497617]
[16]
Sousa AC, Palma Dos Reis R, Pereira A, et al. Relationship between ADD1 Gly460Trp gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in Madeira Island. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96(42)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000007861] [PMID: 29049185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000007861] [PMID: 29049185]
[17]
Gamil S, Erdmann J, Abdalrahman IB, Mohamed AO. Association of NOS3 gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension in Sudanese patients: a case control study. BMC Med Genet 2017; 18(1): 128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12881-017-0491-7] [PMID: 29132319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12881-017-0491-7] [PMID: 29132319]
[18]
Abouelfath R, Habbal R, Laaraj A, Khay K, Harraka M, Nadifi S. ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism is positively associated with resistant hypertension in Morocco. Gene 2018; 658: 178-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.028] [PMID: 29548858]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.028] [PMID: 29548858]
[19]
Timasheva Y, Nasibullin T, Imaeva E, Erdman V, Tuktarova I, Mustafina O. Genetic determinants of essential hypertension in the population of Tatars from Russia. J Hypertens 2017; 35(May)(Suppl. 1): S16-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001332] [PMID: 28350619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001332] [PMID: 28350619]
[20]
Manosroi W, Tan JW, Rariy CM, et al. The Association of Estrogen Receptor-β Gene Variation With Salt-Sensitive Blood Pressure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102(11): 4124-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-00957] [PMID: 28938457]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-00957] [PMID: 28938457]
[21]
Vargas-Alarcon G, Martinez-Rodriguez N, Velazquez-Cruz R, et al. The T>A (rs11646213) gene polymorphism of cadherin-13 (CDH13) gene is associated with decreased risk of developing hypertension in Mexican population. Immunobiology 2017; 222(10): 973-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.004] [PMID: 27682011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.004] [PMID: 27682011]
[22]
Cid-Soto MA, Martínez-Hernández A, García-Ortíz H, et al. Gene variants in AKT1, GCKR and SOCS3 are differentially associated with metabolic traits in Mexican Amerindians and Mestizos. Gene 2018; 679(679): 160-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.076] [PMID: 30176313]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.076] [PMID: 30176313]
[23]
Esteban-Martínez RL, Pérez-Razo JC, Vargas-Alarcón G, et al. Polymorphisms of APLN-APLNR system are associated with essential hypertension in Mexican-Mestizo individuals. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101(1): 105-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.007] [PMID: 27450650]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.007] [PMID: 27450650]
[24]
Pérez-Razo JC, Cano-Martínez LJ, Vargas Alarcón G, et al. Functional Polymorphism rs13306560 of the MTHFR gene is associated with essntial hypertension in a mexican-mestizo population. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2015; 8(4): 603-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.114.000942] [PMID: 26022245]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.114.000942] [PMID: 26022245]
[25]
Muñoz-Barrios S, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Muñoz-Valle JF, Salgado-Bernabé AB, Salgado-Goytia L, Parra-Rojas I. Association of the HindIII and S447X polymorphisms in LPL gene with hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Mexican families. Dis Markers 2012; 33(6): 313-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/673452] [PMID: 23089926]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/673452] [PMID: 23089926]
[26]
Balam-Ortiz E, Esquivel-Villarreal A, Alfaro-Ruiz L, et al. Variants and haplotypes in angiotensinogen gene are associated with plasmatic angiotensinogen level in Mexican population. Am J Med Sci 2011; 342(3): 205-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3182121020] [PMID: 21629041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3182121020] [PMID: 21629041]
[27]
Barlassina C, Lanzani C, Manunta P, Bianchi G. Genetics of essential hypertension: from families to genes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13(Suppl. 3): S155-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000032524.13069.88] [PMID: 12466306]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000032524.13069.88] [PMID: 12466306]
[28]
Zenteno JC, Kofman-alfaro S. Aspectos genéticos de la hipertensión arterial. Rev Med Hosp Gen (Mex) 2003; 66(4): 218-23.http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/h-gral/hg-2003/hg034h.pdf
[29]
Mongeau J. Pediatric Nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol 1987; 1: 69-75.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00866887
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00866887] [PMID: 3153263]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00866887] [PMID: 3153263]
[30]
O’Shaughnessy KM. The genetics of essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 51(1): 5-11.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014421/pdf/bcp0051-0005.pdf
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01254.x] [PMID: 11167660]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01254.x] [PMID: 11167660]
[31]
van Rijn MJE, Schut AFC, Aulchenko YS, et al. Heritability of blood pressure traits and the genetic contribution to blood pressure variance explained by four blood-pressure-related genes. J Hypertens 2007; 25(3): 565-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32801449fb] [PMID: 17278972]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32801449fb] [PMID: 17278972]
[32]
Iarmarcovai G, Botta A, Orsière T. [Micronuclei and genetic polymorphisms: from exposure to susceptibility]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2007; 65(4): 357-63.
[PMID: 17627915]
[PMID: 17627915]
[33]
Botstein D, Risch N. Discovering genotypes underlying human phenotypes: past successes for mendelian disease, future approaches for complex disease. Nat Genet 2003; 33(Suppl.): 228-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1090] [PMID: 12610532]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1090] [PMID: 12610532]
[34]
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature 2004; 431(7011): 931-45.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03001
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03001] [PMID: 15496913]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03001] [PMID: 15496913]
Article Metrics
27
2