Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pediatric Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3963
ISSN (Online): 1875-6336

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Scientific Evidence for the Treatment of Children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Author(s): Paolo Quitadamo*, Sara Isoldi, Saverio Mallardo, Letizia Zenzeri and Giovanni Di Nardo

Volume 17, Issue 2, 2021

Published on: 27 January, 2021

Page: [92 - 102] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1573396317666210127123330

Price: $65

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastro-intestinal disorders which significantly impacts the quality of life of affected children. Abdominal pain improved by defecation, associated with a change in stool form and frequency, represents its specific clinical marker. Even if a number of potential patho-physiological mechanisms have been described, the exact underlying etiology of IBS is so far unclear. Likewise, no optimal treatment has ever been found neither for adult nor for pediatric patients. Current therapeutic options include drugs, dietary interventions and biopsychosocial therapies. The present review aims at evaluating the scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of these treatments for children with IBS.

Keywords: Scientific evidence, irritable, bowel syndrome, IBS, biopsychosocial therapies, gastro-intestinal disorders.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D, et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology 2006; 130(5): 1527-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.063] [PMID: 16678566]
[2]
Korterink JJ, Diederen K, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Epidemiology of pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10(5): e0126982.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126982] [PMID: 25992621]
[3]
Scarpato E, Quitadamo P, Roman E, et al. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children: A Survey on Clinical Approach in the Mediterranean Area. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64(6): e142-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001550] [PMID: 28541259]
[4]
Giannetti E, de’Angelis G, Turco R, et al. Subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome in children: prevalence at diagnosis and at follow-up. J Pediatr 2014; 164(5): 1099-1103.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.12.043] [PMID: 24485818]
[5]
Langshaw AH, Rosen JM, Pensabene L, et al. Overlap between functional abdominal pain disorders and organic diseases in children. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2018; 83(3): 268-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmx.2018.02.002] [PMID: 29622363]
[6]
Camilleri M. Peripheral mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(17): 1626-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1207068] [PMID: 23094724]
[7]
Huertas-Ceballos A, Logan S, Bennett C, Macarthur C. Pharmacological interventions for recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (1): CD003017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003017.pub2] [PMID: 18254013]
[8]
Paul SP, Barnard P, Bigwood C, Candy DC. Challenges in management of irritable bowel syndrome in children. Indian Pediatr 2013; 50(12): 1137-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-013-0308-5] [PMID: 24413506]
[9]
Tougas G. The autonomic nervous system in functional bowel disorders. Gut 2000; 47(Suppl. 4): iv78-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.47.suppl_4.iv78] [PMID: 11076926]
[10]
Mayer EA, Collins SM. Evolving pathophysiologic models of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 2002; 122(7): 2032-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.2002.33584] [PMID: 12055608]
[11]
Ohman L, Simrén M. Pathogenesis of IBS: role of inflammation, immunity and neuroimmune interactions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 7(3): 163-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2010.4] [PMID: 20101257]
[12]
Cremon C, Gargano L, Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Mucosal immune activation in irritable bowel syndrome: gender-dependence and association with digestive symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(2): 392-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2008.94] [PMID: 19174797]
[13]
Piche T, Saint-Paul MC, Dainese R, et al. Mast cells and cellularity of the colonic mucosa correlated with fatigue and depression in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2008; 57(4): 468-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.127068] [PMID: 18194987]
[14]
Walker MM, Talley NJ, Prabhakar M, et al. Duodenal mastocytosis, eosinophilia and intraepithelial lymphocytosis as possible disease markers in the irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29(7): 765-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03937.x] [PMID: 19183150]
[15]
Barbara G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, et al. Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2004; 126(3): 693-702.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.055] [PMID: 14988823]
[16]
Guilarte M, Santos J, de Torres I, et al. Diarrhoea-predominant IBS patients show mast cell activation and hyperplasia in the jejunum. Gut 2007; 56(2): 203-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.100594] [PMID: 17005763]
[17]
Lee KJ, Kim YB, Kim JH, Kwon HC, Kim DK, Cho SW. The alteration of enterochromaffin cell, mast cell, and lamina propria T lymphocyte numbers in irritable bowel syndrome and its relationship with psychological factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23(11): 1689-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05574.x] [PMID: 19120860]
[18]
Barbara G, Wang B, Stanghellini V, et al. Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(1): 26-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.039] [PMID: 17241857]
[19]
Di Nardo G, Barbara G, Cucchiara S, et al. Neuroimmune interactions at different intestinal sites are related to abdominal pain symptoms in children with IBS. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26(2): 196-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12250] [PMID: 24304324]
[20]
Shulman RJ, Eakin MN, Czyzewski DI, Jarrett M, Ou CN. Increased gastrointestinal permeability and gut inflammation in children with functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. J Pediatr 2008; 153(5): 646-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.04.062] [PMID: 18538790]
[21]
Novick J, Miner P, Krause R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tegaserod in female patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16(11): 1877-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01372.x] [PMID: 12390096]
[22]
Hua MC, Chao HC, Yao TC, Lai MW, Huang JL. PATCH Study Group. Investigation of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms and interleukin-10 levels in children with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Liver 2013; 7(4): 430-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2013.7.4.430] [PMID: 23898383]
[23]
Rees WD, Evans BK, Rhodes J. Treating irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil. Br Med J 19796 2(6194): 835-836..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.6194.835]
[24]
Grigoleit HG, Grigoleit P. Peppermint oil in irritable bowel syndrome. Phytomedicine 2005; 12(8): 601-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.10.005] [PMID: 16121521]
[25]
Kline RM, Kline JJ, Barbero GJ, Barbero GJ. Di Palma J. Enteric-coated, pH-dependent peppermint oil capsules for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children. J Pediatr 2001; 138(1): 125-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.109606] [PMID: 11148527]
[26]
Saps M, Miranda A. Gastrointestinal Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 239: 147-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/164_2016_119] [PMID: 28236087]
[27]
Sandhu BK, Paul SP. Irritable bowel syndrome in children: pathogenesis, diagnosis and evidence-based treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(20): 6013-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6013] [PMID: 24876724]
[28]
Ford AC, Talley NJ, Spiegel BM, et al. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2008; 337(337): a2313.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2313] [PMID: 19008265]
[29]
Chiou E, Nurko S. Management of functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 4(3): 293-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/egh.10.28] [PMID: 20528117]
[30]
Delvaux M, Wingate D. Trimebutine: mechanism of action, effects on gastrointestinal function and clinical results. J Int Med Res 1997; 25(5): 225-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059702500501] [PMID: 9364286]
[31]
Shannon S, Hollingsworth J, Cook I, Collins S. Effect of trimebutine on postprandial colonic motor activity in healthy subjects and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1989; 1: 9-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.1989.tb00139.x]
[32]
Valori R, Shannon S, Reddy N, Daniel EE, Collins SM. The action of trimebutine maleate on gastrointestinal motility is mediated by opiate receptors in human subjects. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1987; 11(3 Pt 2): 102B-4B.
[PMID: 3038649]
[33]
Karabulut GS, Beşer OF, Erginöz E, Kutlu T, Cokuğraş FÇ, Erkan T. The Incidence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children Using the Rome III Criteria and the Effect of Trimebutine Treatment. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19(1): 90-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2013.19.1.90] [PMID: 23350053]
[34]
Lesbros-Pantoflickova D, Michetti P, Fried M, Beglinger C, Blum AL. Meta-analysis: The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20(11-12): 1253-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02267.x] [PMID: 15606387]
[35]
Martínez-Vázquez MA, Vázquez-Elizondo G, González-González JA, Gutiérrez-Udave R, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Bosques-Padilla FJ. Effect of antispasmodic agents, alone or in combination, in the treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2012; 77(2): 82-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmx.2012.04.002] [PMID: 22672854]
[36]
Darvish-Damavandi M, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. A systematic review of efficacy and tolerability of mebeverine in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16(5): 547-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i5.547] [PMID: 20128021]
[37]
Pourmoghaddas Z, Saneian H, Roohafza H, Gholamrezaei A. Mebeverine for pediatric functional abdominal pain: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biomed Res Int 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/191026]
[38]
Rahman MZ, Ahmed DS, Mahmuduzzaman M, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of trimebutine versus mebeverine in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Mymensingh Med J 2014; 23(1): 105-13.
[PMID: 24584382]
[39]
Rexwinkel R, Zeevenhooven J, van Etten-Jamaludin FS, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Side effects associated with pharmacotherapy for pediatric irritable bowel syndrome and functional abdominal pain - not otherwise specified: a systematic review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18(2): 111-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2019.1574295] [PMID: 30676113]
[40]
Brandt LJ, Chey WD, Foxx-Orenstein AE, et al. American College of Gastroenterology Task Force on Irritable Bowel Syndrome. An evidence-based position statement on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(Suppl. 1): S1-S35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-200901001-00002] [PMID: 19521341]
[41]
Ruepert L, Quartero AO, de Wit NJ, van der Heijden GJ, Rubin G, Muris JW. Bulking agents, antispasmodics and antidepressants for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (8): CD003460.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003460.pub3] [PMID: 21833945]
[42]
Lee KJ. Pharmacologic Agents for Chronic Diarrhea. Intest Res 2015; 13(4): 306-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5217/ir.2015.13.4.306] [PMID: 26576135]
[43]
Cann PA, Read NW, Holdsworth CD, Barends D. Role of loperamide and placebo in management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29(3): 239-47. [IBS].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01296258] [PMID: 6365490]
[44]
Lembo AJ, Lacy BE, Zuckerman MJ, et al. Eluxadoline for irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2016; 374(3): 242-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1505180] [PMID: 26789872]
[45]
Steadman CJ, Talley NJ, Phillips SF, Zinsmeister AR. Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonism with ondansetron as treatment for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67(8): 732-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60797-6] [PMID: 1434911]
[46]
von der Ohe MR, Hanson RB, Camilleri M. Serotonergic mediation of postprandial colonic tonic and phasic responses in humans. Gut 1994; 35(4): 536-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.35.4.536] [PMID: 8174993]
[47]
Tong K, Nicandro JP, Shringarpure R, Chuang E, Chang L. A 9-year evaluation of temporal trends in alosetron postmarketing safety under the risk management program. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2013; 6(5): 344-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756283X13491798] [PMID: 24003335]
[48]
Shin A, Vijayvargiya P, Busciglio IA, et al. 841 Quantitative Assessment of Fecal Primary and Secondary Bile Acids in Health and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) With Diarrhea or Constipation. Gastroenterology 2013; 5: 49-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(13)60536-3]
[49]
Chey WD, Kurlander J, Eswaran S. Irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical review. JAMA 2015; 313(9): 949-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.0954] [PMID: 25734736]
[50]
Camilleri M. Bile Acid diarrhea: prevalence, pathogenesis, and therapy. Gut Liver 2015; 9(3): 332-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5009/gnl14397] [PMID: 25918262]
[51]
Halilbasic E, Claudel T, Trauner M. Bile acid transporters and regulatory nuclear receptors in the liver and beyond. J Hepatol 2013; 58(1): 155-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.002] [PMID: 22885388]
[52]
Pimentel M, Lembo A, Chey WD, et al. TARGET Study Group. Rifaximin therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome without constipation. N Engl J Med 2011; 364(1): 22-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1004409] [PMID: 21208106]
[53]
Menees SB, Maneerattannaporn M, Kim HM, Chey WD. The efficacy and safety of rifaximin for the irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107(1): 28-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.355] [PMID: 22045120]
[54]
Toledo TK, DiPalma JA. Antibiotics are effective in the treatment of bacterial overgrowth-related diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95(12): 3644-5.
[PMID: 11151910]
[55]
Gasbarrini A, Lauritano EC, Gabrielli M, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: diagnosis and treatment. Dig Dis 2007; 25(3): 237-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000103892] [PMID: 17827947]
[56]
Scarpellini E, Giorgio V, Gabrielli M, et al. Prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children with irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study. J Pediatr 2009; 155(3): 416-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.033] [PMID: 19535093]
[57]
Scarpellini E, Giorgio V, Gabrielli M, et al. Rifaximin treatment for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17(10): 1314-20.
[PMID: 23740443]
[58]
Collins BS, Lin HC. Double-blind, placebo-controlled antibiotic treatment study of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children with chronic abdominal pain. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52(4): 382-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181effa3b] [PMID: 21240023]
[59]
Liang J, Liu X, Pan M, et al. Blockade of Nav1.8 currents in nociceptive trigeminal neurons contributes to anti-trigeminovascular nociceptive effect of amitriptyline. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16(2): 308-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12017-013-8282-6] [PMID: 24292897]
[60]
Thoua NM, Murray CD, Winchester WJ, et al. Amitriptyline modifies the visceral hypersensitivity response to acute stress in the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29(5): 552-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03918.x] [PMID: 19076934]
[61]
Eisenach JC, Gebhart GF. Intrathecal amitriptyline acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist in the presence of inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. Anesthesiology 1995; 83(5): 1046-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199511000-00018] [PMID: 7486155]
[62]
Gray AM, Spencer PS, Sewell RD. The involvement of the opioidergic system in the antinociceptive mechanism of action of antidepressant compounds. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 124(4): 669-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0701882] [PMID: 9690858]
[63]
Liu J, Reid AR, Sawynok J. Spinal serotonin 5-HT7 and adenosine A1 receptors, as well as peripheral adenosine A1 receptors, are involved in antinociception by systemically administered amitriptyline. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 698(1-3): 213-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.10.042] [PMID: 23142373]
[64]
Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Rezaie A, Abdollahi M. Efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants in irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(13): 1548-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.1548] [PMID: 19340896]
[65]
Chao GQ, Zhang S. A meta-analysis of the therapeutic effects of amitriptyline for treating irritable bowel syndrome. Intern Med 2013; 52(4): 419-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.52.9147] [PMID: 23411695]
[66]
Bahar RJ, Collins BS, Steinmetz B, Ament ME. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents. J Pediatr 2008; 152(5): 685-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.10.012] [PMID: 18410774]
[67]
Saps M, Youssef N, Miranda A, et al. Multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 2009; 137(4): 1261-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.060] [PMID: 19596010]
[68]
Teitelbaum JE, Arora R. Long-term efficacy of low-dose tricyclic antidepressants for children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53(3): 260-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e318217df7c] [PMID: 21865971]
[69]
Castro VM, Clements CC, Murphy SN, et al. QT interval and antidepressant use: a cross sectional study of electronic health records. BMJ 2013; 346: f288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f288] [PMID: 23360890]
[70]
Olfson M, Marcus SC, Druss BG. Effects of Food and Drug Administration warnings on antidepressant use in a national sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65(1): 94-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.5] [PMID: 18180433]
[71]
Santucci NR, Saps M, van Tilburg MA. New advances in the treatment of paediatric functional abdominal pain disorders. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5(3): 316-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30256-0] [PMID: 31859185]
[72]
Pfannkuche HJ, Buhl T, Gamse R, et al. The properties of a new prokinetically active drug, SDZ HTF 919. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1995; 7: 280.
[73]
Talley NJ. Serotoninergic neuroenteric modulators. Lancet 2001; 358(9298): 2061-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07103-3] [PMID: 11755632]
[74]
Lacy BE, Yu S. Tegaserod: a new 5-HT4 agonist. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34(1): 27-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200201000-00006] [PMID: 11743242]
[75]
Nguyen A, Camilleri M, Kost LJ, et al. SDZ HTF 919 stimulates canine colonic motility and transit in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 280(3): 1270-6.
[PMID: 9067313]
[76]
Schikowski A, Thewissen M, Mathis C, Ross HG, Enck P. Serotonin type-4 receptors modulate the sensitivity of intramural mechanoreceptive afferents of the cat rectum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2002; 14(3): 221-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2982.2002.00328.x] [PMID: 12061906]
[77]
Müller-Lissner SA, Fumagalli I, Bardhan KD, et al. Tegaserod, a 5-HT(4) receptor partial agonist, relieves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients with abdominal pain, bloating and constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15(10): 1655-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01094.x] [PMID: 11564007]
[78]
Evans BW, Clark WK, Moore DJ, Whorwell PJ. Tegaserod for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (4): CD003960.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003960.pub3] [PMID: 17943807]
[79]
Kim YS, Choi SC, Park JM, et al. IBS Club of the Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. The effect of tegaserod on symptoms and quality of life in korean women with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 16(1): 61-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2010.16.1.61] [PMID: 20535328]
[80]
Loughlin J, Quinn S, Rivero E, et al. Tegaserod and the risk of cardiovascular ischemic events: an observational cohort study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2010; 15(2): 151-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1074248409360357] [PMID: 20200325]
[81]
FDA Joint Meeting of the Gastrointestinal Drugs Advisory Committee and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee Briefing Document August 19, 2019 https://www.fda.gov/media/
[82]
Madia VN, Messore A, Saccoliti F, et al. Tegaserod for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871523018666190911121306] [PMID: 31518227]
[83]
Liem O, Mousa HM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Tegaserod use in children: a single-center experience. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 46(1): 54-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000304454.99799.42] [PMID: 18162834]
[84]
Quigley EM. Probiotics in functional gastrointestinal disorders: what are the facts? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008; 8(6): 704-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2008.08.007] [PMID: 18775516]
[85]
Salvatore S, Pensabene L, Borrelli O, et al. Mind the gut: probiotics in paediatric neurogastroenterology. Benef Microbes 2018; 9(6): 883-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/BM2018.0013] [PMID: 30198327]
[86]
Lin HC. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a framework for understanding irritable bowel syndrome. JAMA 2004; 292(7): 852-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.7.852] [PMID: 15316000]
[87]
Carroll IM, Chang YH, Park J, Sartor RB, Ringel Y. Luminal and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Pathog 2010; 2(1): 19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-4749-2-19] [PMID: 21143915]
[88]
Codling C, O’Mahony L, Shanahan F, Quigley EM, Marchesi JR. A molecular analysis of fecal and mucosal bacterial communities in irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55(2): 392-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-009-0934-x] [PMID: 19693670]
[89]
Rajilić-Stojanović M, Biagi E, Heilig HG, et al. Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011; 141(5): 1792-801.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.043] [PMID: 21820992]
[90]
Rinttilä T, Lyra A, Krogius-Kurikka L, Palva A. Real-time PCR analysis of enteric pathogens from fecal samples of irritable bowel syndrome subjects. Gut Pathog 2011; 3(1): 6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-4749-3-6] [PMID: 21518462]
[91]
Saulnier DM, Riehle K, Mistretta TA, et al. Gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011; 141(5): 1782-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.072] [PMID: 21741921]
[92]
Malinen E, Rinttilä T, Kajander K, et al. Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100(2): 373-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40312.x] [PMID: 15667495]
[93]
Moayyedi P, Ford AC, Talley NJ, et al. The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Gut 2010; 59(3): 325-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.167270] [PMID: 19091823]
[94]
Martens U, Enck P, Zieseniss E. Probiotic treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children. Ger Med Sci 2010; 8: Doc07.
[PMID: 20234804]
[95]
Guandalini S, Magazzù G, Chiaro A, et al. VSL#3 improves symptoms in children with irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 51(1): 24-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181ca4d95] [PMID: 20453678]
[96]
Francavilla R, Miniello V, Magistà AM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG in children with functional abdominal pain. Pediatrics 2010; 126(6): e1445-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0467] [PMID: 21078735]
[97]
Gawrońska A, Dziechciarz P, Horvath A, Szajewska H. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG for abdominal pain disorders in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25(2): 177-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03175.x] [PMID: 17229242]
[98]
Horvath A, Dziechciarz P, Szajewska H. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in childhood. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33(12): 1302-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04665.x] [PMID: 21507030]
[99]
Bauserman M, Michail S. The use of Lactobacillus GG in irritable bowel syndrome in children: a double-blind randomized control trial. J Pediatr 2005; 147(2): 197-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.05.015] [PMID: 16126049]
[100]
Chumpitazi BP, Weidler EM, Lu DY, Tsai CM, Shulman RJ. Self-perceived food intolerances are common and associated with clinical severity in childhood irritable bowel syndrome. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116(9): 1458-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.04.017] [PMID: 27316779]
[101]
Reed-Knight B, Squires M, Chitkara DK, van Tilburg MA. Adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome report increased eating-associated symptoms, changes in dietary composition, and altered eating behaviors: a pilot comparison study to healthy adolescents. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28(12): 1915-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12894] [PMID: 27353222]
[102]
Huertas-Ceballos AA, Logan S, Bennett C, Macarthur C. Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (1): CD003019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003019.pub3] [PMID: 19160214]
[103]
Khayyatzadeh SS, Kazemi-Bajestani SMR, Mirmousavi SJ, et al. Dietary behaviors in relation to prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescent girls. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33(2): 404-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13908] [PMID: 28770579]
[104]
Zhu Y, Zheng X, Cong Y, et al. Bloating and distention in irritable bowel syndrome: the role of gas production and visceral sensation after lactose ingestion in a population with lactase deficiency. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108(9): 1516-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.198] [PMID: 23917444]
[105]
Newlove-Delgado TV, Martin AE, Abbott RA, et al. Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 3(3): CD010972.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010972.pub2] [PMID: 28334433]
[106]
Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG. A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2014; 146(1): 67-75.e5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.09.046] [PMID: 24076059]
[107]
Pensabene L, Salvatore S, Turco R, et al. Low FODMAPs diet for functional abdominal pain disorders in children: critical review of current knowledge. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2019; 95(6): 642-56. [Rio J].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.03.004] [PMID: 31028745]
[108]
Undseth R, Berstad A, Kløw NE, Arnljot K, Moi KS, Valeur J. Abnormal accumulation of intestinal fluid following ingestion of an unabsorbable carbohydrate in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: an MRI study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26(12): 1686-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12449] [PMID: 25271767]
[109]
Camilleri M, Ford AC. Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Current Therapeutic Approaches. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 239: 75-113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/164_2016_102] [PMID: 27995391]
[110]
Halmos EP, Christophersen CT, Bird AR, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG. Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment. Gut 2015; 64(1): 93-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307264] [PMID: 25016597]
[111]
Shepherd SJ, Parker FC, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6(7): 765-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.058] [PMID: 18456565]
[112]
Chumpitazi BP, Cope JL, Hollister EB, et al. Randomised clinical trial: gut microbiome biomarkers are associated with clinical response to a low FODMAP diet in children with the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42(4): 418-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.13286] [PMID: 26104013]
[113]
Marsh A, Eslick EM, Eslick GD. Does a diet low in FODMAPs reduce symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55(3): 897-906.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0922-1] [PMID: 25982757]
[114]
Hill P, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Controversies and Recent Developments of the Low-FODMAP Diet. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2017; 13(1): 36-45. [N Y].
[PMID: 28420945]
[115]
Staudacher HM, Lomer MC, Anderson JL, et al. Fermentable carbohydrate restriction reduces luminal bifidobacteria and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Nutr 2012; 142(8): 1510-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.159285] [PMID: 22739368]
[116]
Satherley R, Howard R, Higgs S. Disordered eating practices in gastrointestinal disorders. Appetite 2015; 84: 240-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.006] [PMID: 25312748]
[117]
Gupta S, Schaffer G, Saps M. Pediatric irritable bowel syndrome and other functional abdominal pain disorders: an update of non-pharmacological treatments. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12(5): 447-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2018.1462699] [PMID: 29633902]
[118]
Catassi G, Lionetti E, Gatti S, Catassi C. The Low FODMAP Diet: Many Question Marks for a Catchy Acronym. Nutrients 2017; 9(3): 9. [3].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9030292] [PMID: 28300773]
[119]
Biesiekierski JR, Newnham ED, Irving PM, et al. Gluten causes gastrointestinal symptoms in subjects without celiac disease: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106(3): 508-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2010.487] [PMID: 21224837]
[120]
Biesiekierski JR, Peters SL, Newnham ED, Rosella O, Muir JG, Gibson PR. No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates. Gastroenterology 2013; 145(2): 320-8.e1, 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.051] [PMID: 23648697]
[121]
Abbott RA, Martin AE, Newlove-Delgado TV, et al. Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 1: CD010971.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010971.pub2] [PMID: 28072460]
[122]
Huertas-Ceballos A, Logan S, Bennett C, Macarthur C. Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 1(1): CD003014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003014.pub2] [PMID: 18254012]
[123]
Ford AC, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, et al. Effect of antidepressants and psychological therapies, including hypnotherapy, in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109(9): 1350-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2014.148] [PMID: 24935275]
[124]
Di Lorenzo C, Colletti RB, Lehmann HP, et al. AAP Subcommittee; NASPGHAN Committee on Chronic Abdominal Pain. Chronic Abdominal Pain In Children: a Technical Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40(3): 249-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.MPG.0000154661.39488.AC] [PMID: 15735476]
[125]
Brent M, Lobato D, LeLeiko N. Psychological treatments for pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 48(1): 13-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181761516] [PMID: 19172118]
[126]
Bursch B. Psychological/cognitive behavioral treatment of childhood functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 47(5): 706-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000338967.47679.e9] [PMID: 18955885]
[127]
Gonsalkorale WM, Whorwell PJ. Hypnotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17(1): 15-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200501000-00004] [PMID: 15647634]
[128]
Vlieger AM, Menko-Frankenhuis C, Wolfkamp SC, Tromp E, Benninga MA. Hypnotherapy for children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2007; 133(5): 1430-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.072] [PMID: 17919634]
[129]
Vlieger AM, Rutten JM, Govers AM, et al. Long-term follow-up of gut-directed hypnotherapy vs. standard care in children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gas¬troenterol 2012; 107(4): 627-31.
[130]
Gulewitsch MD, Müller J, Hautzinger M, Schlarb AA. Brief hypnotherapeutic-behavioral intervention for functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in childhood: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172(8): 1043-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-013-1990-y] [PMID: 23568514]
[131]
Rutten JMTM, Vlieger AM, Frankenhuis C, et al. Home-Based Hypnotherapy Self-exercises vs Individual Hypnotherapy With a Therapist for Treatment of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Functional Abdominal Pain, or Functional Abdominal Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171(5): 470-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0091] [PMID: 28346581]
[132]
Kuttner L, Chambers CT, Hardial J, Israel DM, Jacobson K, Evans K. A randomized trial of yoga for adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome. Pain Res Manag 2006; 11(4): 217-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/731628] [PMID: 17149454]
[133]
Brands MM, Purperhart H, Deckers-Kocken JM. A pilot study of yoga treatment in children with functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. Complement Ther Med 2011; 19(3): 109-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2011.05.004] [PMID: 21641514]
[134]
Evans S, Lung KC, Seidman LC, Sternlieb B, Zeltzer LK, Tsao JC. Iyengar yoga for adolescents and young adults with irritable bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59(2): 244-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000000366] [PMID: 25025601]
[135]
Weydert JA, Shapiro DE, Acra SA, Monheim CJ, Chambers AS, Ball TM. Evaluation of guided imagery as treatment for recurrent abdominal pain in children: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2006; 6: 29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-6-29] [PMID: 17090333]
[136]
Boltin D, Sahar N, Gil E, et al. Gut-directed guided affective imagery as an adjunct to dietary modification in irritable bowel syndrome. J Health Psychol 2015; 20(6): 712-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105315573450] [PMID: 26032788]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
19
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy