Pharmaceutical Importance of Some Promising Plant Species with Special Reference to the Isolation and Extraction of Bioactive Compounds: A Review

Gitishree       Das; Jayanta    Kumar    Patra; Seok-Seong       Kang; Han-Seung       Shin
doi:10.2174/1389201022666210122125854
Abstract

Background: Active principles from natural sources, in the form of extracts and natural compounds, provide an infinite number of bioactive compounds with consummate disposal of chemical diversity. These compounds and active principles are of utmost importance in the discovery of drugs of biological origin particularly, from plants.
Objectives: Development of resourceful technology for the isolation and extraction of bioactive compounds of medicinal importance is considered as an important task for researchers. There are a number of extraction, isolation, and characterization techniques currently utilized; however, most are laborious and use toxic chemicals and huge quantities of raw materials with a very low output. There are a number of abiotic and biotic factors that affects the quality and the quantity of plants bioactive compounds. Considering this, the objectives of the current review are to discuss the various extraction and characterization techniques used to isolate the essential bioactive compounds from three plant species and the biotic and abiotic factors that affect the quantity and quality of the plants secondary metabolites.
Methods: Many advanced technologies have been developed and tested for extraction, characterization, and their capacity for high yield products, and those requiring less application of toxic solvents are investigated continuously.
Conclusion: In this context, the present review summarizes the different types of extraction and characterization techniques utilized commercially by the food, drug, and pharmaceutical industries for better output and environmentally- and health-benefiting products with special reference to three industrially important plants: Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. (Lamiaceae) and Santalum album L. (Santalaceae) and Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Aloaceae or Asphodelaceae).
Keywords: Aloe vera, bioactive compounds, extraction process, Leonotis leonurus, neutraceuticals, Santalum album.
« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1] 
Sasidharan, S.; Chen, Y.; Saravanan, D.; Sundram, K.M.; Yoga Latha, L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants' extracts. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med.,  2011, 8(1), 1-10.
[PMID: 22238476] 
[2] 
Sabina, E.M.; Islam, S.M.Z.; Sahena, F.; Hadijah, S.S.; Bin, Y.K.; Salim, U.M.; Rahman, S.M.M.; Haque, A.M.J.; Sohrab, H.M.; Abdul, K.H. Bioactive compounds and advanced processing technology: Phaleria macrocarpa (sheff.) Boerl, a review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.,  2015, 90(6), 981-991.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4603] 
[3] 
Duraipandiyan, V.; Ayyanar, M.; Ignacimuthu, S. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.,  2006, 6, 35-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-6-35 ] [PMID:  17042964] 
[4] 
Gupta, A.K.; Rather, M.A.; Kumar Jha, A.; Shashank, A.; Singhal, S.; Sharma, M.; Pathak, U.; Sharma, D.; Mastinu, A. Artocarpus lakoocha roxb. and Artocarpus heterophyllus lam. flowers: New sources of bioactive compounds. Plants (Basel),  2020, 9(10), 1329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101329 ] [PMID:  33050190] 
[5] 
Mastinu, A.; Bonini, S.A.; Rungratanawanich, W.; Aria, F.; Marziano, M.; Maccarinelli, G.; Abate, G.; Premoli, M.; Memo, M.; Uberti, D. Gamma-oryzanol Prevents LPS-induced Brain Inflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Adult Mice. Nutrients,  2019, 11(4), 728.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040728 ] [PMID:  30934852] 
[6] 
Kumar, A.; Premoli, M.; Aria, F.; Bonini, S.A.; Maccarinelli, G.; Gianoncelli, A.; Memo, M.; Mastinu, A. Cannabimimetic plants: are they new cannabinoidergic modulators? Planta,  2019, 249(6), 1681-1694.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03138-x ] [PMID:  30877436] 
[7] 
Cos, P.; Vlietinck, A.J.; Berghe, D.V.; Maes, L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: how to develop a stronger in vitroproof-of-concept'. J. Ethnopharmacol.,  2006, 106(3), 290-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.003 ] [PMID:  16698208] 
[8] 
Naczk, M.; Shahidi, F. Phenolics in cereals, fruits and vegetables: occurrence, extraction and analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.,  2006, 41(5), 1523-1542.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.002 ] [PMID:  16753277] 
[9] 
Altemimi, A.; Lakhssassi, N.; Baharlouei, A.; Watson, D.G.; Lightfoot, D.A. Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants  (Basel),  2017, 6(4), 42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants6040042 ] [PMID:  28937585] 
[10] 
Williamson, E.M. Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines. Phytomedicine,  2001, 8(5), 401-409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00060 ] [PMID:  11695885] 
[11] 
Carmona, F.; Pereira, A.M.S. Herbal medicines: old and new concepts, truths and misunderstandings. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn.,  2013, 23(2), 379-385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2013005000018] 
[12] 
Mathur, M. Phyto-complex and their role in enhancing efficacy of herbal drugs. Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries,  2013, 5(3), 118-125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0975-6892.5.3.018] 
[13] 
Ianculov, I.; Palicica, R.; Butnariu, M.; Dumbravă, D.; Gergen, I. Obţinerea în stare cristalină a clorofilei din cetină de brad (Abies
alba) şi de pin (Pinus sylvestris). Revista de Chimie 2005, 56(4), 441-443.
[14] 
Butu, M.; Rodino, S.; Butu, A.; Butnariu, M. Screening of bioflavonoid and antioxidant activity of Lens culinaris Medikus. Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct.,  2014, 9(2)
[15] 
Caunii, A. Isolation and Separation of Inulin from Phalaris arundinacea Roots, 2015.
[16] 
Butnariu, M.; Sarac, I.; Pentea, M.; Samfira, I.; Negrea, A.; Motoc, M.; Buzatu, A. R.; Ciopec, M. Approach for analyse stability of lutein from Tropaeolum majus.Revista de chimie, 2016, 67(3), 503-
	506., 
[17] 
Ojewole, J.A. Antinociceptive, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic effects of Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. BR. [Lamiaceae] leaf aqueous extract in mice and rats. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol.,  2005, 27(4), 257-264.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/mf.2005.27.4.893583 ] [PMID:  16082426] 
[18] 
El-Ansari, M.A.; Aboutabl, E.A.; Farrag, A.R.H.; Sharaf, M.; Hawas, U.W.; Soliman, G.M.; El-Seed, G.S. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Leonotis leonurus. Pharm. Biol.,  2009, 47(9), 894-902.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200902942428] 
[19] 
Van Wyk, B-E.; Oudtshoorn, B.v.; Gericke, N. Medicinal Plants of South Africa; Briza, 1997. 
[20] 
Watt, J.M.; Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern africa being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmacological effects and toxicology in man and animalIn: The Medicinal and Poisonous
	Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa being an Account of
	their Medicinal and other Uses; (2nd ed. ).; E. & S. Livingstone
	Ltd. Edinburgh UK, 1962; pp. 1457; 
[21] 
Kumar, A.A.; Joshi, G.; Ram, H.M. Sandalwood: History, uses, present status and the future. Curr. Sci.,  2012, 103(12), 1408-1416.
[22] 
Crovadore, J.; Schalk, M.; Lefort, F. Selection and mass production of Santalum album L. calli for induction of sesquiterpenes. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip.,  2012, 26(2), 2870-2874.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0028] 
[23] 
Baruah, A.; Bordoloi, M.; Deka Baruah, H.P. Aloe vera: A multipurpose industrial crop. Ind. Crops Prod.,  2016, 94, 951-963.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.034] 
[24] 
Eshun, K.; He, Q. Aloe vera: a valuable ingredient for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries--a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.,  2004, 44(2), 91-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408690490424694 ] [PMID:  15116756] 
[25] 
Handa, S. S. An overview of extraction techniques for medicinal and aromatic plants.International Centre for Science and High
	Technology, ICS-UNIDO, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy:
	ICS-UNIDO, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, 2008, 1, 260., 
[26] 
Doughari, J.H. Phytochemicals: Extraction methods, basic structures
	and mode of action as potential chemotherapeutic agents.
	Phytochemicals-A global perspective of their role in nutrition and
	health,, 2012.
[27] 
Belwal, T.; Ezzat, S.M.; Rastrelli, L.; Bhatt, I.D.; Daglia, M.; Baldi, A.; Devkota, H.P.; Orhan, I.E.; Patra, J.K.; Das, G. A critical analysis of extraction techniques used for botanicals: Trends, priorities, industrial uses and optimization strategies. Trends Analyt. Chem.,  2018, 100, 82-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.018] 
[28] 
Bendicho, C.; Lavilla, I. EXTRACTION | Ultrasound Extractions.Encyclopedia of Separation Science; Wilson, I.D., Ed.; Academic Press: Oxford, 2000, pp. 1448-1454.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-226770-2/02251-1] 
[29] 
Zhang, Q-W.; Lin, L-G.; Ye, W-C. Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chin. Med.,  2018, 13(1), 20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x ] [PMID:  29692864] 
[30] 
Raks, V.; Al-Suod, H.; Buszewski, B. Isolation, separation, and preconcentration of biologically active compounds from plant matrices by extraction techniques. Chromatographia,  2018, 81(2), 189-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10337-017-3405-0 ] [PMID:  29449742] 
[31] 
Ajila, C.M.; Brar, S.K.; Verma, M.; Tyagi, R.D.; Godbout, S.; Vaéro, J.R. Extraction and analysis of polyphenols: recent trends. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.,  2011, 31(3), 227-249.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2010.513677 ] [PMID:  21073258] 
[32] 
Mohammad Azmin, S.N.H.; Abdul Manan, Z.; Wan Alwi, S.R.; Chua, L.S.; Mustaffa, A.A.; Yunus, N.A. Herbal processing and extraction technologies. Separ. Purif. Rev.,  2016, 45(4), 305-320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2016.1145395] 
[33] 
Hirondart, M.; Rombaut, N.; Fabiano-Tixier, A.S.; Bily, A.; Chemat, F. Comparison between pressurized liquid extraction and conventional soxhlet extraction for rosemary antioxidants, yield, composition, and environmental footprint. Foods,  2020, 9(5), 584.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9050584 ] [PMID:  32380668] 
[34] 
Setyaningsih, W.; Saputro, I.E.; Palma, M.; Barroso, C.G. Pressurized liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from rice (Oryza sativa) grains. Food Chem.,  2016, 192, 452-459.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.102 ] [PMID:  26304372] 
[35] 
Luque-García, J.L.; Luque de Castro, M.D. Ultrasound: a powerful tool for leaching. Trends Analyt. Chem.,  2003, 22(1), 41-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(03)00102-X] 
[36] 
Vardanega, R.; Santos, D.T.; Meireles, M.A. Intensification of bioactive compounds extraction from medicinal plants using ultrasonic irradiation. Pharmacogn. Rev.,  2014, 8(16), 88-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.134231 ] [PMID:  25125880] 
[37] 
Oman, M.; Skerget, M.; Knez, Z. Application of supercritical fluid extraction for the separation of nutraceuticals and other phytochemicals from plant material. Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng.,  2013, 32, 44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2013.443] 
[38] 
Patil, P.S.; Shettigar, R. An advancement of analytical techniques in herbal research. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research,  2010, 1(1), 7.
[39] 
Bertucco, A.; Franceschin, G. 10 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Fundamentals and Applications; Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2008, p. 169.
[40] 
Moldoveanu, S.; David, V. Solid-Phase Extraction.Modern Sample Preparation for Chromatography; Moldoveanu, S; David, V., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2015, pp. 191-286.
[41] 
Pawliszyn, J. Solid Phase Microextraction: Theory and Practice; John Wiley & Sons, 1997. 
[42] 
Pawliszyn, J. Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction; Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999. 
[43] 
Pawliszyn, J. Handbook of Solid Phase Microextraction; Chemical Industry Press, 2009, Vol. 1, . 
[44] 
Nie, Q.; Nie, S. 13 - High-performance liquid chromatography for food quality evaluation.Evaluation Technologies for Food Quality; Zhong, J; Wang, X., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp. 267-299.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814217-2.00013-5] 
[45] 
Vas, G.; Vékey, K. Solid-phase microextraction: a powerful sample preparation tool prior to mass spectrometric analysis. J. Mass Spectrom.,  2004, 39(3), 233-254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.606 ] [PMID:  15039931] 
[46] 
Tigrine-Kordjani, N.; Meklati, B.Y.; Chemat, F. Microwave‘dry’ distillation as an useful tool for extraction of edible essential oils. Int. J. Aromather.,  2006, 16(3), 141-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijat.2006.09.007] 
[47] 
Kusuma, H.; Putri, D.; Dewi, I.; Mahfud, M. Solvent-free microwave extraction as the useful tool for extraction of edible essential oils., 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.02.213] 
[48] 
Ding, H.; Liu, M.; Gao, Y.; Qi, J.; Zhou, H.; Li, J. Microwave reactive distillation process for production of ethyl acetate. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,  2016, 55(6), 1590-1597.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00893] 
[49] 
Ding, H.; Qi, J-L.; Gao, Y-J.; Chen, R-R.; Liu, S-J.; Han, X. Microwave-assisted continuous reactive distillation process for preparation of ethyl acetate. Chem. Pap.,  2016, 70, 1380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2016-0069] 
[50] 
Rao, V. Phytochemicals: a global perspective of their role in nutrition and health; BoD–Books on Demand, 2012. 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/1387] 
[51] 
Bohlin, L.; Bruhn, J.G. Bioassay Methods in Natural Product Research and Drug Development; Springer Netherlands, 1999, p. 203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4810-8] 
[52] 
Oleszek, W.; Marston, A. Saponins in food and medicinal plants; Kluwer academic publishers: Ney York, 2000, p. 95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9339-7] 
[53] 
Medvedovici, A.; Mircioiu, C.; David, V.; Miron, D.S. Liquid extraction and HPLC-DAD assay of hydrochlorothiazide from plasma for a bioequivalence study at the lowest therapeutic dose. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet.,  2000, 25(2), 91-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03190073 ] [PMID:  11112088] 
[54] 
Sparkman, O.D.; Fulton Kitson, Z.P. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Guide; Academic Press, 2011, Vol. 2, p. 632.
[55] 
Wilson, I.D. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS)-based drug metabolite profiling.In:Metabolic Profiling: Methods and Protocols; Metz, T.O., Ed.; Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, 2011, pp. 173-190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61737-985-7_10] 
[56] 
Schefer, A.B.; Braumann, U.; Tseng, L-H.; Spraul, M.; Soares, M.G.; Fernandes, J.B.; da Silva, M.F.G.F.; Vieira, P.C.; Ferreira, A.G. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance coupling to the identification of limonoids from mahogany tree (Switenia macrophylla, Meliaceae) by stopped-flow 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. J. Chromatogr. A,  2006, 1128(1-2), 152-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.059 ] [PMID:  16904679] 
[57] 
Yang, L.; Wen, K-S.; Ruan, X.; Zhao, Y-X.; Wei, F.; Wang, Q. Response of plant secondary metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules,  2018, 23(4), 762.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040762 ] [PMID:  29584636] 
[58] 
Ncube, B.; Finnie, J.F.; Van Staden, J. Quality from the field: The impact of environmental factors as quality determinants in medicinal plants. S. Afr. J. Bot.,  2012, 82, 11-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2012.05.009] 
[59] 
Holopainen, J.K.; Gershenzon, J. Multiple stress factors and the emission of plant VOCs. Trends Plant Sci.,  2010, 15(3), 176-184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2010.01.006 ] [PMID:  20144557] 
[60] 
Loreto, F.; Schnitzler, J-P. Abiotic stresses and induced BVOCs. Trends Plant Sci.,  2010, 15(3), 154-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.006 ] [PMID:  20133178] 
[61] 
Mohiuddin, A. Impact of various environmental factors on secondary metabolism of medicinal plants. J. Pharmacol. Clini. Res.,  2019, 7(1)555704
[62] 
Mahdavi, A.; Moradi, P.; Mastinu, A. Variation in terpene profiles of Thymus vulgaris in water deficit stress response. Molecules,  2020, 25(5), 1091.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051091 ] [PMID:  32121165] 
[63] 
Lommen, W.; Bouwmeester, H.; Schenk, E.; Verstappen, F.; Elzinga, S.; Struik, P. Modelling processes determining and limiting the production of secondary metabolites during crop growth: the example of the antimalarial artemisinin produced in Artemisia annua. Acta Hortic.,  2008, (765), 87-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.765.10] 
[64] 
Pérez-Estrada, L.B.; Cano-Santana, Z.; Oyama, K. Variation in leaf trichomes of Wigandia urens: Environmental factors and physiological consequences. Tree Physiol.,  2000, 20(9), 629-632.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.9.629 ] [PMID:  12651428] 
[65] 
Coley, P.D. Interspecific variation in plant anti–herbivore properties: The role of habitat quality and rate of disturbance. New Phytol.,  1987, 106, 251-263.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb04693.x] 
[66] 
Agnihotri, V.K.; ElSohly, H.N.; Smillie, T.J.; Khan, I.A.; Walker, L.A. Constituents of Leonotis leonurus flowering tops. Phytochem. Lett.,  2009, 2(3), 103-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2009.02.001] 
[67] 
Mazimba, O. Leonotis leonurus: A herbal medicine review. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem.,  2015, 3(6), 9.
[68] 

Keith Cleversley Leonotis leonurus a.k.a. Lion’s Tail,, http://entheology.com/plants/leonotis-leonurus-lions-tail/
[69] 
Teto, A.; Laubscher, C.; Ndakidemi, P.; Matimati, I. Paclobutrazol retards vegetative growth in hydroponically-cultured Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. Lamiaceae for a multipurpose flowering potted plant. S. Afr. J. Bot.,  2016, 106, 67-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.05.012] 
[70] 
MissouriBotanicalGarden. . Leonotis leonurus, http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a525
[71] 
Ascensão, L.; Marques, N.; Pais, M.S. Glandular trichomes on vegetative and reproductive organs of Leonotis leonurus (Lamiaceæ). Ann. Bot. (Lond.),  1995, 75(6), 619-626.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1995.1067] 
[72] 
Noumi, E.; Houngue, F.; Lontsi, D. Traditional medicines in primary health care: Plants used for the treatment of hypertension in Bafia, Cameroon. Fitoterapia,  1999, 70(2), 134-139.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00025-2] 
[73] 
Bienvenu, E.; Amabeoku, G.J.; Eagles, P.K.; Scott, G.; Springfield, E.P. Anticonvulsant activity of aqueous extract of Leonotis leonurus. Phytomedicine,  2002, 9(3), 217-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00103 ] [PMID:  12046862] 
[74] 
Maphosa, V.; Masika, P.; Adedapo, A. Safety evaluation of the aqueous extract of Leonotis leonurus shoots in rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol.,  2008, 27(11), 837-843.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108099533 ] [PMID:  19244291] 
[75] 
Oyedemi, S.O.; Yakubu, M.T.; Afolayan, A.J. Effect of aqueous extract of Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. leaves in male Wistar rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol.,  2010, 29(5), 377-384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110363864 ] [PMID:  20194574] 
[76] 
Oyedemi, S.O.; Adewusi, E.A.; Aiyegoro, O.A.; Akinpelu, D.A. Antidiabetic and haematological effect of aqueous extract of stem bark of Afzelia africana (Smith) on streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed.,  2011, 1(5), 353-358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60079-8 ] [PMID:  23569792] 
[77] 
Cohen, M.; Bodeker, G. Understanding the global spa industry: Spa management; Routledge, 2008. 
[78] 
Jimoh, F.O.; Adedapo, A.A.; Afolayan, A.J. Comparison of the nutritional value and biological activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Solanum nigrum and Leonotis leonorus. Food Chem. Toxicol.,  2010, 48(3), 964-971.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.007 ] [PMID:  20079394] 
[79] 
Kuchta, K.; Volk, R.B.; Rauwald, H.W. Stachydrine in Leonurus cardiaca, Leonurus japonicus, Leonotis leonurus: Detection and quantification by instrumental HPTLC and 1H-qNMR analyses. Pharmazie,  2013, 68(7), 534-540.
[PMID: 23923634] 
[80] 
Chao, Z.; Ma, L.L.; Zhou, X.J. Determination of stachydrine and leonurine in Herba Leonuri by ion- pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. First Mil. Med. Univ.,  2004, 24(11), 1223-1226.
[PMID: 15567762] 
[81] 
He, F.; Lindqvist, C.; Harding, W.W.; Leonurenones, A-C. Leonurenones A-C: Labdane diterpenes from Leonotis leonurus. Phytochemistry,  2012, 83, 168-172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.014 ] [PMID:  22892215] 
[82] 
Wu, H.; Li, J.; Fronczek, F.R.; Ferreira, D.; Burandt, C.L., Jr; Setola, V.; Roth, B.L.; Zjawiony, J.K. Labdane diterpenoids from Leonotis leonurus. Phytochemistry,  2013, 91, 229-235.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.021 ] [PMID:  22445074] 
[83] 
Mnonopi, N.; Levendal, R-A.; Davies-Coleman, M.T.; Frost, C.L. The cardioprotective effects of marrubiin, a diterpenoid found in Leonotis leonurus extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol.,  2011, 138(1), 67-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.041 ] [PMID:  21893184] 
[84] 
Mnonopi, N.; Levendal, R.A.; Mzilikazi, N.; Frost, C.L. Marrubiin, a constituent of Leonotis leonurus, alleviates diabetic symptoms. Phytomedicine,  2012, 19(6), 488-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.12.008 ] [PMID:  22326550] 
[85] 
Popoola, O.K.; Elbagory, A.M.; Ameer, F.; Hussein, A.A. Marrubiin. Molecules,  2013, 18(8), 9049-9060.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089049 ] [PMID:  23899837] 
[86] 
Mittal, V.; Nanda, A. Intensification of marrubiin concentration by optimization of microwave-assisted (low CO2 yielding) extraction process for Marrubium vulgare using central composite design and antioxidant evaluation. Pharm. Biol.,  2017, 55(1), 1337-1347.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1297837 ] [PMID:  28298169] 
[87] 

CBI CBI Product Factsheet. Sandalwood oil for cosmetics in Europe, https://www.cbi.eu/sites/default/files/market_information/researches/product-factsheet-europe-sandalwood-oil-cosmetics-2015.pdf
[88] 
Kumar, P.K.; Kumar, M.R.; Kavitha, K.; Singh, J.R.K. Pharmacological actions of Ocimum sacntum– review article. Int. J. Adv. Pharm. Biol. Chem.,  2012, 1(3), 9.
[89] 
Young, K. The Healing Art of Essential Oils: A Guide to 50 Oils for Remedy, Ritual, and Everyday Use; Llewellyn Worldwide, 2017, p. 384.
[90] 
Young, K. Essential Oils for Beginners: A Guide to What They Are & How to Use Them; Llewellyn Worldwide, 2020, p. 384.
[91] 
Burdock, G.A.; Carabin, I.G. Safety assessment of sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.). Food Chem. Toxicol.,  2008, 46(2), 421-432.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.092 ] [PMID:  17980948] 
[92] 


        		Misra, B.; Dey, S. Biological activities of east indian sandalwood
tree, Santalum album. Peer. J. Preprints, 2013, 1
        	, 
[93] 
Shaheen, S.; Ramzan, S.; Khan, F.; Ahmad, M. Adulteration A
	Global Issue In: Adulteration in Herbal Drugs: A Burning Issue,
	Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019; 1-8.. 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28034-5_1.] [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28034-5] 
[94] 
Palatty, P.L.; Azmidah, A.; Rao, S.; Jayachander, D.; Thilakchand, K.R.; Rai, M.P.; Haniadka, R.; Simon, P.; Ravi, R.; Jimmy, R.; D'souza, P.F.; Fayad, R.; Baliga, M.S. Topical application of a sandal wood oil and turmeric based cream prevents radiodermatitis in head and neck cancer patients undergoing external beam radiotherapy: A pilot study. Br. J. Radiol.,  2014, 87(1038)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20130490 ] [PMID:  24694358] 
[95] 
Desai, V.B.; Hiremath, R.D.; Rasal, V.P.; Gaikwad, D.N.; Shankarnarayana, K.H. Pharmacological screening of HESP and sandal oils. Indian Perfumer,  1991, 35, 2.
[96] 
Matsuo, Y.; Mimaki, Y. Iñ-Santalol derivatives from Santalum album and their cytotoxic activities. Phytochemistry,  2012, 77, 304-311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.007 ] [PMID:  22410352] 
[97] 
Misra, B.B.; Dey, S. Comparative phytochemical analysis and antibacterial efficacy of in vitro and in vivo extracts from East Indian sandalwood tree (Santalum album L.). Lett. Appl. Microbiol.,  2012, 55(6), 476-486.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lam.12005 ] [PMID:  23020220] 
[98] 
Misra, B.B.; Dey, S. Evaluation of in vivo anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant potentials of Iñ-santalol and sandalwood oil. Phytomedicine,  2013, 20(5), 409-416.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.12.017 ] [PMID:  23369343] 
[99] 
Paulpandi, M.; Kannan, S.; Thangam, R.; Kaveri, K.; Gunasekaran, P.; Rejeeth, C. In vitro anti-viral effect of Iý-santalol against influenza viral replication. Phytomedicine,  2012, 19(3-4), 231-235.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.11.006 ] [PMID:  22192867] 
[100] 
Dikshit, A.; Hussain, A. Antifungal action of some essential oils against animal pathogen. Fitoterapia,  1984, 55, 6.
[101] 
Edouard, D.; Cécile, D.; Paul, E. A Chemical investigation of the volatile constituents of east indian sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.). Helv. Chim. Acta,  1976, 59(3), 737-747.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19760590304] 
[102] 
Hettiarachchi, D.S.; Liu, Y.; Jose, S.; Boddy, M.R.; Fox, J.E.D.; Sunderland, B. Assessment of Western Australian sandalwood seeds for seed oil production. Aust. For.,  2012, 75(4), 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2012.10676409] 
[103] 
Misra, B.; Dey, S. Differential Extraction and GC-MS based Quantification of Sesquiterpenoids from Immature Heartwood of East Indian Sandalwood Tree. Journal of Natural Sciences Research,  2012, 2(6), 5.
[104] 
Misra, B.B.; Dey, S. Shikimic acid (tamiflu precursor) production in suspension cultures of east Indian Sandal. J. Postdoctoral Res.,  2013, 1(1), 9.
[105] 
Rimando, A.M.; Pan, Z.; Polashock, J.J.; Dayan, F.E.; Mizuno, C.S.; Snook, M.E.; Liu, C.J.; Baerson, S.R. In planta production of the highly potent resveratrol analogue pterostilbene via stilbene synthase and O-methyltransferase co-expression. Plant Biotechnol. J.,  2012, 10(3), 269-283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00657.x ] [PMID:  21902799] 
[106] 
FAO FAO AGRICULTURAL SERVICES BULLETIN No. 94,. https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/3base/safrole.plants/moc/distillation.html
[107] 
Valluri, J.V. Bioreactor production of secondary metabolites from cell cultures of periwinkle and sandalwood. Protocols for In Vitro Cultures and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants; Jain, S.M; Saxena, P.K., Ed.; Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, 2009, pp. 325-335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-287-2_26] 
[108] 
Marongiu, B.; Piras, A.; Porcedda, S.; Tuveri, E. Extraction of Santalum album and Boswellia carterii Birdw. volatile oil by supercritical carbon dioxide: influence of some process parameters. Flavour Fragrance J.,  2006, 21(4), 718-724.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1718] 
[109] 
Yan, C.; Lin, L.; Liu, H.; Lin, Z.; Chen, P.; Cai, C.; Zheng, L. Study of flavonoids from leaves of Santalum album Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi,  2011, 36(22), 3130-3133.
[PMID: 22375392] 
[110] 
Catchpole, O. Tallon, s.; Dyer, P.; Montanes, F.; Moreno, T.; Vagi, E.; Eltringham, W.; Billakanti, J. Integrated supercritical fluid extraction and bioprocessing. Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol.,  2012, 8, 25.
[111] 
Zhang, X.H.; da Silva, J.A.T.; Jia, Y.X.; Zhao, J.T.; Ma, G.H. Chemical composition of volatile oils from the pericarps of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) by different extraction methods. Nat. Prod. Commun.,  2012, 7(1), 93-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1200700132 ] [PMID:  22428257] 
[112] 
Vasundhara, M.; Nuthan, D.; Rao, G.G.E.R. Screening and Profiling of Sandal Seeds collected from Provenances of Karnataka. Curr. Trends Biotechnol. Pharm.,  2017, 11, 8.
[113] 
Tucker, A.; Duke, J.; Foster, S. Botanical nomenclature of medicinal plants; Oryx Press: Phoenix, AR, 1989, Vol. 4, . 
[114] 
Bruneton, J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants; Lavoisier Publishing: Paris, 1995. 
[115] 

francisrpassaro3346 Definition, Testing and Application of Aloe
	vera and Aloe Vera Gel, , http://www.nature4science.com/AloeVera/1_DescriptionofAloeVera.pdf
[116] 
Reynolds, T.; Dweck, A.C. Aloe vera leaf gel: A review update. J. Ethnopharmacol.,  1999, 68(1-3), 3-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00085-9 ] [PMID:  10624859] 
[117] 
Radha, M.H.; Laxmipriya, N.P. Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. J. Tradit. Complement. Med.,  2014, 5(1), 21-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006 ] [PMID:  26151005] 
[118] 
Foster, M.; Hunter, D. Evaluation of the nutritional and metabolic effects of Aloe vera; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2011, Vol. 2, . 
[119] 
Hank, S.  Global aloe market estimated at $13 billion,, http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Markets/Global-aloe-market-estimated-at-13-billion
[120] 
WHO. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2200e/6.html
[121] 
WHO; World Health Organization. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Organización Mundial de la Salud,  1999, 1, 294.
[122] 
Tiwari, M.; Tandon, V. Medicinal plants; Gyan Publishing House, 2004, Vol. 1, . 
[123] 
Pathak, Y.V. Handbook of nutraceuticals volume I: ingredients,
formulations, and applications; ingredients, formulations, and applications.
	CRC Press, 2009, 1; 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420082227] 
[124] 
Butola, B.S. The Impact and Prospects of Green Chemistry for Textile Technology; Woodhead Publishing, 2018. 
[125] 
Shelton, R.M. Aloe vera. Its chemical and therapeutic properties. Int. J. Dermatol.,  1991, 30(10), 679-683.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1991.tb02607.x ] [PMID:  1823544] 
[126] 
Davis, R.H.; DiDonato, J.J.; Johnson, R.W.; Stewart, C.B. Aloe vera, hydrocortisone, and sterol influence on wound tensile strength and anti-inflammation. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc.,  1994, 84(12), 614-621.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-84-12-614 ] [PMID:  7853156] 
[127] 
Ni, Y.; Turner, D.; Yates, K.M.; Tizard, I. Isolation and characterization of structural components of Aloe vera L. leaf pulp. Int. Immunopharmacol.,  2004, 4(14), 1745-1755.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.006 ] [PMID:  15531291] 
[128] 
Sharma, K.; Mittal, A.; Chauhan, N. Aloe vera as penetration enhancer. Int. J. Drug Devel. Res.,  2015, 7(1), 13.
[129] 
Suga, T.; Hirata, T. The efficacy of the Aloe plant chemical constituents and biological activities. Cosmetics and Toiletries,  1983, 98, 4.
[130] 
Bhuvana, K.; Hema, N.; Rajesh, T.P. Review on Aloe vera. Int. J.,  2014, 2(3), 677-691.
[131] 
t’Hart, L.A.; van den Berg, A.J.J.; Kuis, L.; van Dijk, H.; Labadie, R.P. An anti-complementary polysaccharide with immunological adjuvant activity from the leaf parenchyma gel of Aloe vera. Planta Med.,  1989, 55(6), 509-512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962082 ] [PMID:  2616669] 
[132] 
Heggers, J.P.; Pelley, R.P.; Robson, M.C. Beneficial effects of Aloe in wound healing. Phytother. Res.,  1993, 7(7), S48-S52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650070715] 
[133] 
Tizard, I.; Busbee, D.; Maxwell, B.; Kemp, M. Effects of acemannan, a complex carbohydrate, on wound-healing in young and aged rats. Wounds,  1994, 6(6), 9.
[134] 
Visuthikosol, V.; Chowchuen, B.; Sukwanarat, Y.; Sriurairatana, S.; Boonpucknavig, V. Effect of Aloe vera gel to healing of burn wound a clinical and histologic study. J. Med. Assoc. Thai.,  1995, 78(8), 403-409.
[PMID: 7561562] 
[135] 
Ramachandra, C.; Rao, P.S. Processing of Aloe vera leaf gel: A review. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci.,  2008, 3(2), 502-510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2008.502.510] 
[136] 
Ojha, S.; Sonker, K.; Pandey, M.; Saraf, S.A. Aloe vera gel: A potent nutraceutical. J. Nat. Pharm.,  2011, 2, 4.
[137] 
Ahlawat, K.S.; Khatkar, B.S. Processing, food applications and safety of Aloe vera products: A review. J. Food Sci. Technol.,  2011, 48(5), 525-533.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0229-z ] [PMID:  23572784] 
[138] 
Kurian, A.; Sankar, M.A. Medicinal plants; New India Publishing, 2007, Vol. 2, . 
[139] 
El-Shemy, H.A.; Aboul-Soud, M.A.M.; Nassr-Allah, A.A.; Aboul-Enein, K.M.; Kabash, A.; Yagi, A. Antitumor properties and modulation of antioxidant enzymes' activity by Aloe vera leaf active principles isolated via supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Curr. Med. Chem.,  2010, 17(2), 129-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986710790112620 ] [PMID:  19941474] 
[140] 
Gutterman, Y.; Chauser-Volfson, E. The content of secondary phenol metabolites in pruned leaves of Aloe arborescens, a comparison between two methods: Leaf exudates and leaf water extract. J. Nat. Med.,  2008, 62(4), 430-435.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11418-008-0252-1 ] [PMID:  18470597] 
[141] 
Dell'Agli, M.; Giavarini, F.; Ferraboschi, P.; Galli, G.; Bosisio, E. Determination of aloesin and aloeresin A for the detection of aloe in beverages. J. Agric. Food Chem.,  2007, 55(9), 3363-3367.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf070182h ] [PMID:  17419646] 
[142] 
Umano, K.; Nakahara, K.; Shoji, A.; Shibamoto, T. Aroma chemicals isolated and identified from leaves of Aloe arborescens Mill. Var. Natalensis Berger. J. Agric. Food Chem.,  1999, 47(9), 3702-3705.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf990116i ] [PMID:  10552708] 
[143] 
Botes, L.; van der Westhuizen, F.H.; Loots, T. Phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities of two Aloe greatheadii var. davyana extracts. Molecules,  2008, 13(9), 2169-2180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules13092169 ] [PMID:  18830148] 
[144] 
Epifano, F.; Fiorito, S.; Locatelli, M.; Taddeo, V.A.; Genovese, S. Screening for novel plant sources of prenyloxyanthraquinones: Senna alexandrina Mill. and Aloe vera (L.). Burm. F. Nat. Prod. Res.,  2015, 29(2), 180-184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.971792 ] [PMID:  25342202] 
[145] 
Abdissa, D.; Geleta, G.; Bacha, K.; Abdissa, N. Phytochemical investigation of Aloe pulcherrima roots and evaluation for its antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities. PLoS One,  2017, 12(3)e0173882
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173882] [PMID:  28333961] 
Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
19
4
Journal Information
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers
Explore Articles
Open Access
Open Access Articles
For Visitors
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201022666210122125854	Print ISSN 1389-2010
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1873-4316
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Pharmaceutical Importance of Some Promising Plant Species with Special Reference to the Isolation and Extraction of Bioactive Compounds: A Review

Abstract Play Pause

Graphical Abstract

Related Journals

Related Books

Abstract
