Abstract
Introduction: Carotid cavernous fistulae (CCF) are rare, and they occur when there is a communication between the internal carotid artery (ICA) and cavernous sinus. These lesions are associated with blunt or penetrating traumatic injuries of the carotid arteries. We present the first cases of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulae (cDAVF) in the middle meningeal artery (MMA) after the treatment of direct CCF in the ICA with Willis-covered stents (WCSs).
Case Presentation: Our patients comprised 22 and 50-year-old males with histories of head injuries months before admission at our facility. In both patients above, cerebral angiography revealed fistulae in the right ICA and left ICA, respectively. They were treated with WCSs via the trans-artery endovascular route. In both cases, the treatments were not in the way attempted via the MMA. Subsequently, they developed cDAVF in the middle meningeal artery (MMA), which were treated with Onyx Liquid Embolic System (Onyx HD-500) (Covidien / ev3 Neurovascular) and conservatively, respectively.
Conclusion: These are the first cases in whom WCSs for the management of direct CCF resulted in cDAVF at the MMA. The WCSs inside the ICA could have resulted in the cDAVF via unknown mechanisms but not iatrogenic.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Wang YL, Ma J, Ding PX, Li YD, Han XW, Wu G. Treatment of post-traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas with the Willis covered stent. A preliminary prospective study. Interv Neuroradiol 2012; 18(2): 172-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101991201800208] [PMID: 22681732]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101991201800208] [PMID: 22681732]
[2]
Wang W, Li M-H, Li Y-D, Gu B-X, Lu H-T. Reconstruction of the internal carotid artery after treatment of complex traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas with the Willis covered stent: a retrospective study with long-term follow-up. Neurosurgery 2016; 79(6): 794-805.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000001266] [PMID: 27258766]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000001266] [PMID: 27258766]
[3]
Archondakis E, Pero G, Valvassori L, Boccardi E, Scialfa G. Angiographic follow-up of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas treated with endovascular stent graft placement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28(2): 342-7.
[PMID: 17297009]
[PMID: 17297009]
[4]
Barrow DL, Spector RH, Braun IF, Landman JA, Tindall SC, Tindall GT. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg 1985; 62(2): 248-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.62.2.0248] [PMID: 3968564]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.62.2.0248] [PMID: 3968564]
[5]
Liu L-X, Lim J, Zhang C-W, et al. Application of the Willis Covered Stent in the Treatment of Carotid-Cavernous Fistula: A Single-Center Experience. World Neurosurg 2019; 122: e390-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.060] [PMID: 30352308]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.060] [PMID: 30352308]
[6]
Livi F, Ndoro S, Caird J, Crimmins D. Indirect cavernous carotid fistula in a 12-year-old girl. J Surg Case Rep 2016; 2016(6): rjw095.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjw095] [PMID: 27273682]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjw095] [PMID: 27273682]
[7]
Freckmann N, Sartor K, Herrmann H-D. Traumatic arteriovenous fistulae of the middle meningeal artery and neighbouring veins or dural sinuses. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1981; 55(3-4): 273-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01808443] [PMID: 7234533]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01808443] [PMID: 7234533]
[8]
Yu J, Guo Y, Xu B, Xu K. Clinical importance of the middle meningeal artery: A review of the literature. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13(10): 790-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.16489] [PMID: 27766029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.16489] [PMID: 27766029]
[9]
Bitoh S, Hasegawa H, Fujiwara M, Nakata M. Traumatic arteriovenous fistula between the middle meningeal artery and cortical vein. Surg Neurol 1980; 14(5): 355-8.
[PMID: 7444741]
[PMID: 7444741]
[10]
Unterhofer C, Chemelli A, Waldenberger P, Bauer R, Ortler M. Traumatic fistula between the middle meningeal artery and the sphenoparietal sinus. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2009; 151(10): 1301-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-009-0251-3] [PMID: 19468680]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-009-0251-3] [PMID: 19468680]
[11]
Yu J, Guo Y, Wu Z, Xu K. Traumatic arteriovenous fistula between the extracranial middle meningeal artery and the pterygoid plexus: A case report and literature review. Interv Neuroradiol 2017; 23(1): 90-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019916673584] [PMID: 27798326]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019916673584] [PMID: 27798326]
[12]
Fei X, Ting W, Jianqiang H, Changwei Z, Richard SA, Yanhui L. Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula Between Extracranial Middle Meningeal Artery and Petrosal Vein. World Neurosurg 2019; 130: 50-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.06.171] [PMID: 31265928]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.06.171] [PMID: 31265928]
[13]
Kornieieva M, Hadidy A, Zhuravlova I. Variability of the middle meningeal artery subject to the shape of skull. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2015; 76(6): 451-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554902] [PMID: 26682123]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554902] [PMID: 26682123]
[14]
Mantini S, Bruner E, Colaiacomo B, Ripani M. The anatomical variability and the functional role of the middle meningeal artery. Ital J Anat Embryol 2010; 115: 101.
[15]
Li J, Lan ZG, Xie XD, You C, He M. Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas treated with covered stents: experience of 12 cases. World Neurosurg 2010; 73(5): 514-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2010.02.062] [PMID: 20920935]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2010.02.062] [PMID: 20920935]
[16]
Li K, Cho YD, Kim KM, Kang H-S, Kim JE, Han MH. Covered stents for the endovascular treatment of a direct carotid cavernous fistula : single center experiences with 10 cases. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2015; 57(1): 12-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2015.57.1.12] [PMID: 25674338]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2015.57.1.12] [PMID: 25674338]
[17]
Gomez F, Escobar W, Gomez AM, Gomez JF, Anaya CA. Treatment of carotid cavernous fistulas using covered stents: midterm results in seven patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28(9): 1762-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0636] [PMID: 17885249]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0636] [PMID: 17885249]
[18]
Tiewei Q, Ali A, Shaolei G, et al. Carotid cavernous fistulas treated by endovascular covered stent grafts with follow-up results. Br J Neurosurg 2010; 24(4): 435-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2010.487127] [PMID: 20515263]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2010.487127] [PMID: 20515263]
[19]
Felber S, Henkes H, Weber W, Miloslavski E, Brew S, Kühne D. Treatment of extracranial and intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae using stent grafts. Neurosurgery 2004; 55(3): 631-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000134455.02947.1F] [PMID: 15335430]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000134455.02947.1F] [PMID: 15335430]
[20]
Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liang F, Jiang C. Procedure-Related Complication of Willis Covered Stent in the Treatment of Blood Blister-Like Aneurysm: Stent Detachment from Dilating Balloon. Front Neurol 2017; 8: 639.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00639] [PMID: 29250025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00639] [PMID: 29250025]
[21]
Roldán-Valadez E, Corona-Cedillo R, Ruiz-González D, Del Valle R, Herrera-Serrano A, Sánchez-Sánchez JM. Traumatic dissection of extracranial internal carotid artery with middle cerebral artery stroke: imaging diagnosis. Gac Med Mex 2006; 142(5): 419-22.
[PMID: 17128824]
[PMID: 17128824]
[22]
Dos Santos D, Monsignore LM, Nakiri GS, Cruz AAV, Colli BO, Abud DG. Imaging diagnosis of dural and direct cavernous carotid fistulae. Radiol Bras 2014; 47(4): 251-5.
[PMID: 25741093]
[PMID: 25741093]
[23]
Chen CC-C, Chang PC-T, Shy C-G, Chen W-S, Hung H-C. CT angiography and MR angiography in the evaluation of carotid cavernous sinus fistula prior to embolization: a comparison of techniques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26(9): 2349-56.
[PMID: 16219844]
[PMID: 16219844]
[24]
Fages-Caravaca EM, Tembl-Ferrairo JI, Lago-Martín A, Vázquez-Añón V, Mainar E. [Direct carotid-cavernous fistulas: endovascular treatment using a detachable balloon]. Rev Neurol 2001; 33(6): 533-6.
[PMID: 11727234]
[PMID: 11727234]
[25]
Choi BJ, Lee TH, Kim CW, Choi CH. Endovascular graft-stent placement for treatment of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2009; 46(6): 572-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2009.46.6.572] [PMID: 20062575]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2009.46.6.572] [PMID: 20062575]
[26]
Hoit DA, Schirmer CM, Malek AM. Stent graft treatment of cerebrovascular wall defects: intermediate-term clinical and angiographic results. Neurosurgery 2008; 62(5)(Suppl. 2): ONS380-8.
[PMID: 18596518]
[PMID: 18596518]
Article Metrics
19
1