Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
General Review Article

New Drugs and Interventional Strategies for the Management of Hypertension

Author(s): Theodoros Christophides*, Alberto Somaschini*, Andrea Demarchi, Stefano Cornara, Maria Androulaki and Emmanuel Androulakis

Volume 27, Issue 11, 2021

Published on: 06 November, 2020

Page: [1396 - 1406] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201106091527

Price: $65

Abstract

Essential hypertension is an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide with significant clinical and economic implications. The field of antihypertensive treatment already numbers numerous agents and classes of drugs. However, patients are still developing uncontrolled hypertension. Hence there is a continuous need for novel agents with good tolerability. Advances in this field are focusing both on pharmacotherapy, with the developments in traditional and non-traditional targets, as well as interventional techniques such as renal denervation and baroreflex activation therapy. It is likely that future strategies may involve a tailored approach to the individual patient, with genetic modulation playing a key role.

Keywords: Hypertension, therapy, drug, intervention, novel, blood pressure.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380: 2224-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8] [PMID: 23245609]
[2]
Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360(9349): 1903-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8] [PMID: 12493255]
[3]
Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018; 39(33): 3021-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339] [PMID: 30165516]
[4]
Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR, et al. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States. JAMA 2003; 289(18): 2363-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.18.2363] [PMID: 12746359]
[5]
Androulakis ES, Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, Tsioufis C, Kallikazaros I, Stefanadis C. Essential hypertension: is there a role for inflammatory mechanisms? Cardiol Rev 2009; 17(5): 216-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181b18e03] [PMID: 19690472]
[6]
Vedanthan R, Fuster V. Disease Prevention: The moving target of global cardiovascular health. Nat Rev Cardiol 2009; 6(5): 327-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2009.48] [PMID: 19377491]
[7]
Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16(4): 223-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2] [PMID: 32024986]
[8]
Rahimi K, Emdin CA, MacMahon S. The epidemiology of blood pressure and its worldwide management. Circ Res 2015; 116(6): 925-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304723] [PMID: 25767281]
[9]
Jafar TH, Gandhi M, de Silva HA, et al. COBRA-BPS Study Group A community-based intervention for managing hypertension in rural South Asia. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(8): 717-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911965] [PMID: 32074419]
[10]
Calhoun DA, Booth JN III, Oparil S, et al. Refractory hypertension: determination of prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidities in a large, population-based cohort. Hypertension 2014; 63(3): 451-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02026] [PMID: 24324035]
[11]
Persell SD. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States, 2003-2008. Hypertension 2011; 57(6): 1076-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.170308] [PMID: 21502568]
[12]
Messerli FH, Williams B, Ritz E. Essential hypertension. Lancet 2007; 370(9587): 591-603.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61299-9] [PMID: 17707755]
[13]
Androulakis E, Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, et al. Inflammation in hypertension: current therapeutic approaches. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17(37): 4121-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161211798764753] [PMID: 22204373]
[14]
Guzik TJ, Hoch NE, Brown KA, et al. Role of the T cell in the genesis of angiotensin II induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. J Exp Med 2007; 204(10): 2449-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20070657] [PMID: 17875676]
[15]
Abais-Battad JM, Lund H, Dasinger JH, Fehrenbach DJ, Cowley AW Jr, Mattson DL. NOX2-derived reactive oxygen species in immune cells exacerbates salt-sensitive hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146: 333-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.014] [PMID: 31730933]
[16]
Touyz RM, Rios FJ, Alves-Lopes R, Neves KB, Camargo LL, Montezano AC. Oxidative stress-A unifying paradigm in hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36(5): 659-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.081] [PMID: 32389339]
[17]
Androulakis E, Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, Latsios G, Siasos G, Stefanadis C. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in essential hypertension. Curr Top Med Chem 2012; 12(10): 1149-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026611208011149] [PMID: 22519445]
[18]
Brunström M, Carlberg B. Association of blood pressure lowering with mortality and cardiovascular disease across blood pressure levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2018; 178(1): 28-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6015] [PMID: 29131895]
[19]
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. National heart, lung, and blood institute joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289(19): 2560-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.19.2560] [PMID: 12748199]
[20]
Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al. ACCORD Study Group Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(17): 1575-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1001286] [PMID: 20228401]
[21]
Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2103-16.
[22]
Savoia C, Schiffrin EL. Inflammation in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006; 15(2): 152-8.
[PMID: 16481882]
[23]
Stefanadi E, Tousoulis D, Androulakis ES, et al. Inflammatory markers in essential hypertension: potential clinical implications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010; 8(4): 509-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016110791330870] [PMID: 19538178]
[24]
Tousoulis D, Kourtellaris P, Antoniades C, et al. Effects of irbesartan and perindopril on forearm reactive hyperemia and inflammatory process, in normotensive patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2008; 124(1): 127-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.206] [PMID: 17343934]
[25]
Bakris GL, Sica D, Weber M, et al. The comparative effects of azilsartan medoxomil and olmesartan on ambulatory and clinic blood pressure. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2011; 13(2): 81-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.00425.x] [PMID: 21272195]
[26]
Shiga Y, Miura SI, Motozato K, et al. Comparison of efficacy and safety of azilsartan and olmesartan in patients with essential hypertension. Int Heart J 2017; 58(3): 416-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1536/ihj.16-285] [PMID: 28496022]
[27]
Neutel JM, Cushman WC, Lloyd E, Barger B, Handley A. Comparison of long-term safety of fixed-dose combinations azilsartan medoxomil/chlorthalidone vs olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19(9): 874-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.13009] [PMID: 28681550]
[28]
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. Authors/Task Force Members; Document Reviewers. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18(8): 891-975.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.592] [PMID: 27207191]
[29]
Hubers SA, Brown NJ. Combined angiotensin receptor antagonism and neprilysin inhibition. Circulation 2016; 133(11): 1115-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018622] [PMID: 26976916]
[30]
Carey RM. Blood Pressure and the renal actions of AT2 receptors. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19(3): 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-017-0720-7] [PMID: 28271418]
[31]
Kaschina E, Grzesiak A, Li J, et al. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation: a novel option of therapeutic interference with the renin-angiotensin system in myocardial infarction? Circulation 2008; 118(24): 2523-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.784868] [PMID: 19029468]
[32]
Bruce E, Shenoy V, Rathinasabapathy A, et al. Selective activation of angiotensin AT2 receptors attenuates progression of pulmonary hypertension and inhibits cardiopulmonary fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172(9): 2219-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.13044] [PMID: 25522140]
[33]
Pitt B, Kober L, Ponikowski P, et al. Safety and tolerability of the novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist BAY 94-8862 in patients with chronic heart failure and mild or moderate chronic kidney disease: a randomized, double-blind trial. Eur Heart J 2013; 34(31): 2453-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht187] [PMID: 23713082]
[34]
Ruilope LM, Tamargo J. Renin-angiotensin system blockade: Finerenone. Nephrol Ther 2017; 13(Suppl. 1): S47-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nephro.2017.02.003] [PMID: 28577743]
[35]
Kolkhof P, Bärfacker L. 30 years of the mineralocorticoid receptor: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: 60 years of research and development. J Endocrinol 2017; 234(1): T125-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JOE-16-0600] [PMID: 28634268]
[36]
Ruilope LM, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. FIGARO-DKD study investigators Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial. Am J Nephrol 2019; 50(5): 345-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503712] [PMID: 31665733]
[37]
Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. on behalf of the FIDELIO-DKD study investigators. Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing kidney failure and disease progression in diabetic kidney disease trial. Am J Nephrol 2019; 50(5): 333-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503713] [PMID: 31655812]
[38]
Arai K, Morikawa Y, Ubukata N, Tsuruoka H, Homma T. CS-3150, a novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, shows preventive and therapeutic effects on renal injury in deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt-induced hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358(3): 548-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.116.234765] [PMID: 27384074]
[39]
Yamada M, Takei M, Suzuki E, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, and disposition of esaxerenone, a novel, highly potent and selective non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, in rats and monkeys. Xenobiotica 2017; 47(12): 1090-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00498254.2016.1263766] [PMID: 27866463]
[40]
Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, et al. British Hypertension Society’s PATHWAY Studies Group Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet 2015; 386(10008): 2059-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00257-3] [PMID: 26414968]
[41]
Nguyen HM, Ma K, Pham DQ. Clevidipine for the treatment of severe hypertension in adults. Clin Ther 2010; 32(1): 11-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.01.025] [PMID: 20171407]
[42]
Aronson S, Dyke CM, Stierer KA, et al. The ECLIPSE trials: comparative studies of clevidipine to nitroglycerin, sodium nitroprusside, and nicardipine for acute hypertension treatment in cardiac surgery patients. Anesth Analg 2008; 107(4): 1110-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e31818240db] [PMID: 18806012]
[43]
Keating GM. Clevidipine: a review of its use for managing blood pressure in perioperative and intensive care settings. Drugs 2014; 74(16): 1947-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40265-014-0313-6] [PMID: 25312594]
[44]
Peacock WF, Chandra A, Char D, et al. Clevidipine in acute heart failure: Results of the A Study of Blood Pressure Control in Acute Heart Failure-A Pilot Study (PRONTO). Am Heart J 2014; 167(4): 529-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.12.023] [PMID: 24655702]
[45]
Houston M. The role of nutrition and nutraceutical supplements in the treatment of hypertension. World J Cardiol 2014; 6(2): 38-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v6.i2.38] [PMID: 24575172]
[46]
Katusic ZS, d’Uscio LV, Nath KA. Vascular protection by tetrahydrobiopterin: progress and therapeutic prospects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 30(1): 48-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2008.10.003] [PMID: 19042039]
[47]
Hong HJ, Hsiao G, Cheng TH, Yen MH. Supplemention with tetrahydrobiopterin suppresses the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2001; 38(5): 1044-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hy1101.095331] [PMID: 11711495]
[48]
Podjarny E, Benchetrit S, Rathaus M, et al. Effect of tetrahydrobiopterin on blood pressure in rats after subtotal nephrectomy. Nephron, Physiol 2003; 94(1): 6-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000071069] [PMID: 12806204]
[49]
Cunnington C, Van Assche T, Shirodaria C, et al. Systemic and vascular oxidation limits the efficacy of oral tetrahydrobiopterin treatment in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2012; 125(11): 1356-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.038919] [PMID: 22315282]
[50]
Zhou MS, Kosaka H, Tian RX, et al. L-Arginine improves endothelial function in renal artery of hypertensive Dahl rats. J Hypertens 2001; 19(3): 421-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200103000-00010] [PMID: 11288812]
[51]
Tousoulis D, Davies GJ, Tentolouris C, et al. Effects of L-arginine on flow mediated dilatation induced by atrial pacing in diseased epicardial coronary arteries. Heart 2003; 89(5): 531-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heart.89.5.531] [PMID: 12695458]
[52]
Dorniak-Wall T, Grivell RM, Dekker GA, Hague W, Dodd JM. The role of L-arginine in the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia: a systematic review of randomised trials. J Hum Hypertens 2014; 28(4): 230-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2013.100] [PMID: 24172291]
[53]
Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020; 41(1): 111-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455] [PMID: 31504418]
[54]
NICE Clinical Guideline CG181 Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification 2016.Available from: . https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181
[55]
Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014; 129(25)(Suppl. 2): S1-S45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a] [PMID: 24222016]
[56]
Milionis HJ, Liberopoulos EN, Achimastos A, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. Statins: another class of antihypertensive agents? J Hum Hypertens 2006; 20(5): 320-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1002001] [PMID: 16511505]
[57]
Dilaveris P, Giannopoulos G, Riga M, Synetos A, Stefanadis C. Beneficial effects of statins on endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffness. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2007; 5(3): 227-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016107781024091] [PMID: 17627566]
[58]
Kuklinska AM, Mroczko B, Musial WJ, et al. Influence of atorvastatin on blood pressure control in treated hypertensive, normolipemic patients - An open, pilot study. Blood Press 2010; 19(4): 260-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08037050903576726] [PMID: 20070250]
[59]
Ge CJ, Lu SZ, Chen YD, Wu XF, Hu SJ, Ji Y. Synergistic effect of amlodipine and atorvastatin on blood pressure, left ventricular remodeling, and C-reactive protein in hypertensive patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Heart Vessels 2008; 23(2): 91-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00380-007-1008-7] [PMID: 18389332]
[60]
Michel JB, Guettier C, Reade R, Sayah S, Corvol P, Ménard J. Immunologic approaches to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system: a review. Am Heart J 1989; 117(3): 756-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(89)90767-9] [PMID: 2537558]
[61]
Brown MJ, Coltart J, Gunewardena K, Ritter JM, Auton TR, Glover JF. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of an angiotensin immunotherapeutic vaccine (PMD3117) in hypertensive subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107(2): 167-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20030381] [PMID: 15040783]
[62]
Tissot AC, Maurer P, Nussberger J, et al. Effect of immunisation against angiotensin II with CYT006-AngQb on ambulatory blood pressure: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase IIa study. Lancet 2008; 371(9615): 821-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60381-5] [PMID: 18328929]
[63]
Bairwa M, Pilania M, Gupta V, Yadav K. Hypertension vaccine may be a boon to millions in developing world. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10(3): 708-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.27520] [PMID: 24365998]
[64]
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. National heart, lung, and blood institute; national high blood pressure education program coordinating committee. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42(6): 1206-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2] [PMID: 14656957]
[65]
Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25(5): 932-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000160548.78317.29] [PMID: 15731494]
[66]
Papageorgiou N, Briasoulis A, Androulakis E, Tousoulis D. Imaging subclinical atherosclerosis: where do we stand? Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13(1): 47-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573403X12666160803095855] [PMID: 27492229]
[67]
Briasoulis A, Tousoulis D, Androulakis ES, Papageorgiou N, Latsios G, Stefanadis C. Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis: focus on novel therapeutic approaches. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov 2012; 7(1): 21-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157489012799362386] [PMID: 22280336]
[68]
Grassi G, Mark A, Esler M. The sympathetic nervous system alterations in human hypertension. Circ Res 2015; 116(6): 976-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303604] [PMID: 25767284]
[69]
Carey RM, Sakhuja S, Calhoun DA, Whelton PK, Muntner P. Prevalence of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in the United States. Hypertension 2019; 73(2): 424-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12191] [PMID: 30580690]
[70]
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71: 127-248.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006]
[71]
DiBona GF, Kopp UC. Neural control of renal function. Physiol Rev 1997; 77(1): 75-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1997.77.1.75] [PMID: 9016301]
[72]
Wyss JM, Carlson SH. The role of the nervous system in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001; 3(3): 255-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-001-0048-0] [PMID: 11353577]
[73]
Oparil S, Schmieder RE. New approaches in the treatment of hypertension. Circ Res 2015; 116(6): 1074-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303603] [PMID: 25767291]
[74]
Lauder L, Azizi M, Kirtane AJ, Böhm M, Mahfoud F. Device-based therapies for arterial hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17(10): 614-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0364-1] [PMID: 32286512]
[75]
Krum H, Schlaich MP, Sobotka PA, et al. Percutaneous renal denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension: final 3-year report of the Symplicity HTN-1 study. Lancet 2014; 383(9917): 622-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62192-3] [PMID: 24210779]
[76]
Esler MD, Böhm M, Sievert H, et al. Catheter-based renal denervation for treatment of patients with treatment-resistant hypertension: 36 month results from the SYMPLICITY HTN-2 randomized clinical trial. Eur Heart J 2014; 35(26): 1752-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu209] [PMID: 24898552]
[77]
Persu A, Renkin J, Thijs L, Staessen JA. Renal denervation: ultima ratio or standard in treatment-resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2012; 60(3): 596-606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.195263] [PMID: 22851728]
[78]
Bhatt DL, Kandzari DE, O’Neill WW, et al. SYMPLICITY HTN-3 Investigators A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension. N Engl J Med 2014; 370(15): 1393-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1402670] [PMID: 24678939]
[79]
Tsioufis CP, Papademetriou V, Dimitriadis KS, et al. Catheter-based renal denervation for resistant hypertension: Twenty-four month results of the EnligHTN I first-in-human study using a multi-electrode ablation system. Int J Cardiol 2015; 201: 345-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.069] [PMID: 26301677]
[80]
Heradien MJ, Augustyn J, Saaiman A, Brink PA. First reported cases: renal denervation with second-generation multi-electrode catheter via brachial and radial access. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016; 27(1): 53-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2015-089] [PMID: 26956499]
[81]
Brandt MC, Mahfoud F, Reda S, et al. Renal sympathetic denervation reduces left ventricular hypertrophy and improves cardiac function in patients with resistant hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59(10): 901-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.034] [PMID: 22381425]
[82]
Brandt MC, Reda S, Mahfoud F, Lenski M, Böhm M, Hoppe UC. Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics in patients with resistant hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60(19): 1956-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.959] [PMID: 23062529]
[83]
Ott C, Mahfoud F, Schmid A, et al. Improvement of albuminuria after renal denervation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173(2): 311-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.017] [PMID: 24681017]
[84]
Rosa J, Widimský P, Toušek P, et al. Randomized comparison of renal denervation versus intensified pharmacotherapy including spironolactone in true-resistant hypertension: six-month results from the Prague-15 study. Hypertension 2015; 65(2): 407-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04019] [PMID: 25421981]
[85]
Kandzari DE, Böhm M, Mahfoud F, et al. SPYRAL HTN-ON MED Trial Investigators Effect of renal denervation on blood pressure in the presence of antihypertensive drugs: 6-month efficacy and safety results from the SPYRAL HTN-ON MED proof-of-concept randomised trial. Lancet 2018; 391(10137): 2346-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30951-6] [PMID: 29803589]
[86]
Townsend RR, Mahfoud F, Kandzari DE, et al. SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED trial investigators*. Catheter-based renal denervation in patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the absence of antihypertensive medications (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED): a randomised, sham-controlled, proof-of-concept trial. Lancet 2017; 390(10108): 2160-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32281-X] [PMID: 28859944]
[87]
Böhm M, Kario K, Kandzari DE, et al. SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Pivotal Investigators Efficacy of catheter-based renal denervation in the absence of antihypertensive medications (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Pivotal): a multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet 2020; 395(10234): 1444-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30554-7] [PMID: 32234534]
[88]
Persu A, Jin Y, Azizi M, et al. European Network COordinating research on Renal Denervation (ENCOReD). Blood pressure changes after renal denervation at 10 European expert centers. J Hum Hypertens 2014; 28(3): 150-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2013.88] [PMID: 24067345]
[89]
Wang Q, Guo R, Rong S, et al. Noninvasive renal sympathetic denervation by extracorporeal high-intensity focused ultrasound in a pre-clinical canine model. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61(21): 2185-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.050] [PMID: 23541964]
[90]
Neuzil P, Ormiston J, Brinton TJ, et al. Externally delivered focused ultrasound for renal denervation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9(12): 1292-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2016.04.013] [PMID: 27339848]
[91]
Schmieder RE, Ott C, Toennes SW, et al. Phase II randomized sham-controlled study of renal denervation for individuals with uncontrolled hypertension - WAVE IV. J Hypertens 2018; 36(3): 680-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001584] [PMID: 29035942]
[92]
Azizi M, Schmieder RE, Mahfoud F, et al. RADIANCE-HTN Investigators Endovascular ultrasound renal denervation to treat hypertension (RADIANCE-HTN SOLO): a multicentre, international, single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet 2018; 391(10137): 2335-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31082-1] [PMID: 29803590]
[93]
Stefanadis C, Synetos A, Tsioufis C, et al. Chemical renal denervation by vincristine: the role of the flow rate of delivery. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2014; 37(5): 1336-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-014-0958-2] [PMID: 25112883]
[94]
Fischell TA, Vega F, Raju N, et al. Ethanol-mediated perivascular renal sympathetic denervation: preclinical validation of safety and efficacy in a porcine model. EuroIntervention 2013; 9(1): 140-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJV9I1A20] [PMID: 23685302]
[95]
Streitparth F, Gebauer B, Nickel P, et al. Percutaneous computer tomography-guided ethanol sympathicolysis for the treatment of resistant arterial hypertension. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2014; 37(2): 513-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-014-0850-0] [PMID: 24510278]
[96]
Heusser K, Tank J, Engeli S, et al. Carotid baroreceptor stimulation, sympathetic activity, baroreflex function, and blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2010; 55(3): 619-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140665] [PMID: 20101001]
[97]
Lohmeier TE, Hall JE. Device-based neuromodulation for resistant hypertension therapy. Circ Res 2019; 124(7): 1071-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313221] [PMID: 30920919]
[98]
Scheffers IJ, Kroon AA, Schmidli J, et al. Novel baroreflex activation therapy in resistant hypertension: results of a European multi-center feasibility study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56(15): 1254-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.089] [PMID: 20883933]
[99]
Bisognano JD, Bakris G, Nadim MK, et al. Baroreflex activation therapy lowers blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled rheos pivotal trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58(7): 765-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.008] [PMID: 21816315]
[100]
Bakris GL, Nadim MK, Haller H, Lovett EG, Schafer JE, Bisognano JD. Baroreflex activation therapy provides durable benefit in patients with resistant hypertension: results of long-term follow-up in the Rheos Pivotal Trial. J Am Soc Hypertens 2012; 6(2): 152-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2012.01.003] [PMID: 22341199]
[101]
de Leeuw PW, Bisognano JD, Bakris GL, Nadim MK, Haller H, Kroon AA. DEBuT-HT and Rheos Trial Investigators. Sustained reduction of blood pressure with baroreceptor activation therapy: results of the 6-year open follow-up. Hypertension 2017; 69(5): 836-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09086] [PMID: 28320856]
[102]
Hoppe UC, Brandt MC, Wachter R, et al. Minimally invasive system for baroreflex activation therapy chronically lowers blood pressure with pacemaker-like safety profile: results from the Barostim neo trial. J Am Soc Hypertens 2012; 6(4): 270-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2012.04.004] [PMID: 22694986]
[103]
Wachter R, Halbach M, Bakris GL, et al. An exploratory propensity score matched comparison of second-generation and first-generation baroreflex activation therapy systems. J Am Soc Hypertens 2017; 11(2): 81-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2016.12.003] [PMID: 28065708]
[104]
Spiering W, Williams B, Van der Heyden J, et al. CALM-FIM_EUR investigators. Endovascular baroreflex amplification for resistant hypertension: a safety and proof-of-principle clinical study. Lancet 2017; 390(10113): 2655-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32337-1] [PMID: 28870716]
[105]
Karunaratne H, Muluk S, Papademetriou V, Park WM, Sample R, Irwin E. Implantation of a carotid baroreceptor stimulator in patients with pacemakers and hypertension. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011; 34(3): 354-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02825.x] [PMID: 20636321]
[106]
Bisognano JD, Kaufman CL, Bach DS, Lovett EG, de Leeuw P. DEBuT-HT and rheos feasibility trial investigators. improved cardiac structure and function with chronic treatment using an implantable device in resistant hypertension: results from european and united states trials of the rheos system. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57(17): 1787-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.048] [PMID: 21511116]
[107]
Geiger H, Naraghi R, Schobel HP, Frank H, Sterzel RB, Fahlbusch R. Decrease of blood pressure by ventrolateral medullary decompression in essential hypertension. Lancet 1998; 352(9126): 446-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11343-5] [PMID: 9708753]
[108]
Sindou M. Is there a place for microsurgical vascular decompression of the brainstem for apparent essential blood hypertension? A review. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2015; 42: 69-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09066-5_4] [PMID: 25411145]
[109]
Burchell AE, Lobo MD, Sulke N, Sobotka PA, Paton JF. Arteriovenous anastomosis: is this the way to control hypertension? Hypertension 2014; 64(1): 6-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.02925] [PMID: 24711522]
[110]
Lobo MD, Sobotka PA, Stanton A, et al. ROX CONTROL HTN Investigators Central arteriovenous anastomosis for the treatment of patients with uncontrolled hypertension (the ROX CONTROL HTN study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385(9978): 1634-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62053-5] [PMID: 25620016]
[111]
Potthoff SA, Vonend O. Multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of resistant hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19(1): 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-017-0698-1] [PMID: 28185122]
[112]
Zhang F, Wen Y, Guo X. CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing: progress, implications and challenges. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23(R1): R40-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddu125] [PMID: 24651067]
[113]
Luft FC. Molecular genetics of human hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol 2020; 35(3): 249-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000722] [PMID: 32068615]
[114]
Glover M, O’shaughnessy KM. SPAK and WNK kinases: a new target for blood pressure treatment? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2011; 20(1): 16-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0b013e32834132bc] [PMID: 21088576]
[115]
Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA. The CUL3/KLHL3-WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway as a target for antihypertensive therapy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310(11): F1389-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00132.2016] [PMID: 27076645]
[116]
He J, Bian Y, Gao F, et al. RNA interference targeting the ACE gene reduced blood pressure and improved myocardial remodelling in SHRs. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 116(3): 249-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20080048] [PMID: 18605985]
[117]
Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure-lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 5. Head-to-head comparisons of various classes of antihypertensive drugs - overview and meta-analyses. J Hypertens 2015; 33(7): 1321-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000614] [PMID: 26039526]
[118]
Ernst ME, Moser M. Use of diuretics in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 2009; 361(22): 2153-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0907219] [PMID: 19940300]
[119]
Chapman N, Chang CL, Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Wedel H, Poulter NR. ASCOT Investigators Effect of doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system as third-line antihypertensive therapy on blood pressure and lipids in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Circulation 2008; 118(1): 42-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.737957] [PMID: 18559700]
[120]
van Zwieten PA. Centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. Present and future. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999; 21(5-6): 859-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10641969909061015] [PMID: 10423108]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
27
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy