Spotlight on the Selected New Antimicrobial Innate Immune Peptides Discovered During 2015-2019

Xiangli       Dang; Guangshun       Wang
doi:10.2174/1568026620666201022143625
Abstract

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global issue and new anti-microbials are required.
Introduction: Anti-microbial peptides are important players of host innate immune systems that prevent infections. Due to their ability to eliminate drug-resistant pathogens, AMPs are promising candidates for developing the next generation of anti-microbials.
Methods: The anti-microbial peptide database provides a useful tool for searching, predicting, and designing new AMPs. In the period from 2015-2019, ~500 new natural peptides have been registered.
Results: This article highlights a selected set of new AMP members with interesting properties. Teixobactin is a cell wall inhibiting peptide antibiotic, while darobactin inhibits a chaperone and translocator for outer membrane proteins. Remarkably, cOB1, a sex pheromone from commensal enterococci, restricts the growth of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in the gut at a picomolar concentration. A novel proline-rich AMP has been found in the plant Brassica napus. A shrimp peptide MjPen- II comprises three different sequence domains: serine-rich, proline-rich, and cysteine-rich regions. Surprisingly, an amphibian peptide urumin specifically inhibits H1 hemagglutinin-bearing influenza A virus. Defensins are abundant and typically consist of three pairs of intramolecular disulfide bonds. However, rat rattusin dimerizes via forming five pairs of intermolecular disulfide bonds. While human LL-37 can be induced by vitamin D, vitamin A induces the expression of resistin-like molecule alpha (RELMα) in mice. The isolation and characterization of an alternative human cathelicidin peptide, TLN-58, substantiates the concept of one gene multiple peptides. The involvement of a fly AMP nemuri in sleep induction may promote the research on the relationship between sleep and infection control.
Conclusion: The functional roles of AMPs continue to grow and the general term “innate immune peptides” becomes useful. These discoveries widen our view on the anti-microbial peptides and may open new opportunities for developing novel peptide therapeutics for different applications.
Keywords: Anti-microbial peptide, Classification, New structure, Pheromone with picomolar antibacterial activity, Sleep and immunity, Vitamin.
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Graphical Abstract

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DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026620666201022143625	Print ISSN 1568-0266
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1873-4294
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Spotlight on the Selected New Antimicrobial Innate Immune Peptides Discovered During 2015-2019

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