Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Alzheimer Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1567-2050
ISSN (Online): 1875-5828

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe Translate in Chinese
Research Article

Impaired Cognitive Function is Associated with Motor Function and Activities of Daily Living in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Dementia

Author(s): GyuChang Lee*

Volume 17, Issue 7, 2020

Page: [680 - 686] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200818193916

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Background: The deterioration of cognitive and motor functions and activities of daily living is common in Alzheimer's dementia.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation and the strength of the relationship between cognitive function and motor function and activities of daily living after a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia.

Methods: Sixty-three patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease dementia in a community setting of South Korea were examined for cognitive and motor functions, and functional levels. The test or measures used for cognitive function were the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). The 10-meter walking test (10MWT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) were used to examine motor function, while the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) and Katz Index (KI) were used to examining activities of daily living.

Results: The MMSE had a positive correlation with that from the BBS (r=.338, p<.05), MBI (r=.363, p<.05), and KI (r=.276, p<.05). The GDS was negatively correlated with BBS (r=.319, p<.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that MMSE was a major explanatory variable for BBS (R2 =.115, β=.338, p<.05) MBI (R2 =.131, β=.363, p<.05), and KI (R2 =.076, β=.276, p<.05).

Conclusion: The results of the present study show that cognitive function by MMSE is correlated with balance by BBS and activities of daily living by MBI and KI, and MMSE, which are tests or measures for cognitive function, can be explanatory variable to explain variations in the BBS, MBI, and KI in the persons with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia. It may mean that a decrease in cognitive function was found to affect motor function and activities of daily living. Based on this study, appropriate intervention approaches including physical exercise, should be considered for caring for persons with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia in a community setting.

Keywords: Dementia, Alzheimer, cognitive function, motor function, activities of daily living, correlation.

« Previous
[1]
Wang P, Zhang H, Han L, Zhou Y. Cortical function in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Transl Neurosci 2016; 7(1): 116-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2016-0018] [PMID: 28123831]
[2]
Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9(1): 63-75.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.11.007] [PMID: 23305823]
[3]
Tom SE, Hubbard RA, Crane PK, et al. Characterization of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in an older population: updated incidence and life expectancy with and without dementia. Am J Public Health 2015; 105(2): 408-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301935] [PMID: 25033130]
[4]
Castellani RJ, Rolston RK, Smith MA. Alzheimer disease. Dis Mon 2010; 56(9): 484-546.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2010.06.001] [PMID: 20831921]
[5]
Prince M, Wimo A, Guerchet M, Ali GC, Wu YT, Prina M, et al. London: 2015. World Alzheimer Report 2015 The Global Impact of Dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. Alzheimer’s Dis Intern 2015; 13(1): 1-7.
[6]
Podcasy JL, Epperson CN. Considering sex and gender in Alzheimer disease and other dementias. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2016; 18(4): 437-46.
[PMID: 28179815]
[7]
Snowden JS, Neary D, Mann DM. Frontotemporal dementia. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180(2): 140-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.2.140] [PMID: 11823324]
[8]
Zhang S, Zhang M, Cai F, Song W. Biological function of Presenilin and its role in AD pathogenesis. Transl Neurodegener 2013; 2(1): 15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2047-9158-2-15] [PMID: 23866842]
[9]
Di Iulio F, Palmer K, Blundo C, et al. Occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychiatric disorders in mild Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Int Psychogeriatr 2010; 22(4): 629-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210000281] [PMID: 20367890]
[10]
Daviglus ML, Bell CC, Berrettini W, et al. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference statement: Preventing alzheimer disease and cognitive decline. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153(3): 176-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00260] [PMID: 20547888]
[11]
Arcoverde C, Deslandes A, Rangel A, et al. Role of physical activity on the maintenance of cognition and activities of daily living in elderly with Alzheimer’s disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008; 66(2B): 323-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2008000300007] [PMID: 18641864]
[12]
Christofoletti G, Oliani MM, Gobbi S, Stella S. Effects of motor intervention in elderly patients with dementia: An analysis of randomized controlled trials. Top Geriatr Rehabil 2007; 23(2): 149-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.TGR.0000270183.90778.8e]
[13]
Konagaya Y, Watanabe T, Ohta T. Relationship between cognitive function and physical activities: A longitudinal study among community-dwelling elderly. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2012; 49(6): 752-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.49.752] [PMID: 23883640]
[14]
Yu F, Evans LK, Sullivan-Marx EM. Functional outcomes for older adults with cognitive impairment in a comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53(9): 1599-606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53453.x] [PMID: 16137294]
[15]
Molloy DW, Standish TI. A guide to the standardized Mini-Mental State Examination. Int Psychogeriatr 1997; 9(1): 87-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610297004754]
[16]
Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139(9): 1136-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.9.1136] [PMID: 7114305]
[17]
Chaves ML, Camozzato AL, Godinho C, et al. Validity of the clinical dementia rating scale for the detection and staging of dementia in Brazilian patients. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2007; 21(3): 210-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e31811ff2b4] [PMID: 17804953]
[18]
Conradsson M, Lundin-Olsson L, Lindelöf N, et al. Berg balance scale: Intrarater test-retest reliability among older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities. Phys Ther 2007; 87(9): 1155-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060343] [PMID: 17636155]
[19]
Holbein-Jenny MA, Billek-Sawhney B, Beckman E, Smith T. Balance in personal care home residents: A comparison of the Berg Balance Scale, the Multi-Directional Reach Test, and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2005; 28(2): 48-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200508000-00003] [PMID: 16236228]
[20]
Nordin E, Rosendahl E, Lundin-Olsson L. Timed “Up & Go” test: Reliability in older people dependent in activities of daily living--focus on cognitive state. Phys Ther 2006; 86(5): 646-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/86.5.646] [PMID: 16649889]
[21]
Pirpiris M, Wilkinson AJ, Rodda J, et al. Walking speed in children and young adults with neuromuscular disease: Comparison between two assessment methods. J Pediatr Orthop 2003; 23(3): 302-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-200305000-00006] [PMID: 12724591]
[22]
Hsueh IP, Lin JH, Jeng JS, Hsieh CL. Comparison of the psychometric characteristics of the functional independence measure, 5 item Barthel index, and 10 item Barthel index in patients with stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73(2): 188-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.73.2.188] [PMID: 12122181]
[23]
Spector WD, Takada HA. Characteristics of nursing homes that affect resident outcomes. J Aging Health 1991; 3(4): 427-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089826439100300401] [PMID: 10115033]
[24]
Suttanon P, Hill KD, Said CM, et al. Feasibility, safety and preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of a home-based exercise programme for older people with Alzheimer’s disease: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2013; 27(5): 427-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215512460877] [PMID: 23117349]
[25]
Bowes A, Dawson A, Jepson R, McCabe L. Physical activity for people with dementia: A scoping study. BMC Geriatr 2013; 13: 129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-13-129] [PMID: 24274624]
[26]
Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Cognitive impairment and functional disability in the absence of psychiatric diagnosis. Psychol Med 1991; 21(1): 77-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700014677] [PMID: 2047508]
[27]
Kuo HK, Leveille SG, Yu YH, Milberg WP. Cognitive function, habitual gait speed, and late-life disability in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002. Gerontology 2007; 53(2): 102-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000096792] [PMID: 17090975]
[28]
Warren EJ, Grek A, Conn D, et al. A correlation between cognitive performance and daily functioning in elderly people. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 2(2): 96-100.
[PMID: 2775443]
[29]
Rosano C, Simonsick EM, Harris TB, et al. Association between physical and cognitive function in healthy elderly: The health, aging and body composition study. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 24(1-2): 8-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000081043] [PMID: 15459503]
[30]
Fitzpatrick AL, Buchanan CK, Nahin RL, et al. Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study Investigators Associations of gait speed and other measures of physical function with cognition in a healthy cohort of elderly persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62(11): 1244-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/62.11.1244] [PMID: 18000144]
[31]
Little AG, Hemsley DR, Volans PJ. Cognitive ability as a predictor of self‐care performance and change in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1986; 1(2): 107-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.930010206]
[32]
Cahn-Weiner DA, Farias ST, Julian L, et al. Cognitive and neuroimaging predictors of instrumental activities of daily living. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007; 13(5): 747-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617707070853] [PMID: 17521485]
[33]
Santana-Sosa E, Barriopedro MI, López-Mojares LM, Pérez M, Lucia A. Exercise training is beneficial for Alzheimer’s patients. Int J Sports Med 2008; 29(10): 845-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038432] [PMID: 18401810]
[34]
Venturelli M, Scarsini R, Schena F. Six-month walking program changes cognitive and ADL performance in patients with Alzheimer. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2011; 26(5): 381-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317511418956] [PMID: 21852281]
[35]
Brett L, Traynor V, Stapley P. Effects of physical exercise on health and well-being of individuals living with a dementia in nursing homes: A systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2016; 17(2): 104-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.08.016] [PMID: 26432622]
[36]
Heyn P, Abreu BC, Ottenbacher KJ. The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: A meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85(10): 1694-704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.019] [PMID: 15468033]
[37]
Rao AK, Chou A, Bursley B, Smulofsky J, Jezequel J. Systematic review of the effects of exercise on activities of daily living in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Occup Ther 2014; 68(1): 50-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014.009035] [PMID: 24367955]
[38]
Blankevoort CG, van Heuvelen MJ, Boersma F, Luning H, de Jong J, Scherder EJ. Review of effects of physical activity on strength, balance, mobility and ADL performance in elderly subjects with dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010; 30(5): 392-402.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000321357] [PMID: 20980758]
[39]
Pitkälä K, Savikko N, Poysti M, Strandberg T, Laakkonen ML. Efficacy of physical exercise intervention on mobility and physical functioning in older people with dementia: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48(1): 85-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2012.08.008] [PMID: 22960590]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
23
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy