摘要
就激活的炎症途径而言,哮喘是一种异质性疾病。近年来,针对2型炎症的特定成分的生物药物(单克隆抗体)已被批准用于治疗重度哮喘。已建议对重度哮喘患者进行表型分析和生物标志物评估,以帮助确定哪些患者需要进行生物制剂治疗并监测治疗反应。呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)是哮喘2型炎症的生物标志物,表明白细胞介素(IL)-4 / IL-13途径的激活。 FeNO可用于评估治疗反应或确定特定药物的候选物,该药物可作用于与一氧化氮(NO)产生有关的2型炎症机制,例如IL-4 / IL-13途径或上游过程。根据目前已发表的研究,讨论了FeNO作为预测可用于治疗重度哮喘的生物制剂反应的生物标志物的价值。
关键词: FeNO,生物治疗,严重哮喘,杜普利单抗,奥马利单抗,贝鲁利单抗,雷利单抗,美波利单抗。
[1]
Global initiative for asthma difficult-to-treat and severe asthma guidelines. Available at: http://www.goldcopd.org/guidelines-global-strategy-for-diagnosis-management.html (Accessed Date: 15th October, 2020).
[2]
Pavord, I.D.; Mathieson, N.; Scowcroft, A.; Pedersini, R.; Isherwood, G.; Price, D. The impact of poor asthma control among asthma patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids plus long-acting β2-agonists in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional analysis. NPJ Prim. Care Respir. Med., 2017, 27(1), 17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41533-017-0014-1] [PMID: 28270657]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41533-017-0014-1] [PMID: 28270657]
[3]
Chung, K.F.; Wenzel, S.E.; Brozek, J.L.; Bush, A.; Castro, M.; Sterk, P.J.; Adcock, I.M.; Bateman, E.D.; Bel, E.H.; Bleecker, E.R.; Boulet, L.P.; Brightling, C.; Chanez, P.; Dahlen, S.E.; Djukanovic, R.; Frey, U.; Gaga, M.; Gibson, P.; Hamid, Q.; Jajour, N.N.; Mauad, T.; Sorkness, R.L.; Teague, W.G. International ERS/ATS guidelines on defini-tion, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur. Respir. J., 2014, 43(2), 343-373.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00202013] [PMID: 24337046]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00202013] [PMID: 24337046]
[4]
O’Neill, S.; Sweeney, J.; Patterson, C.C.; Menzies-Gow, A.; Niven, R.; Mansur, A.H.; Bucknall, C.; Chaudhuri, R.; Thomson, N.C.; Brightling, C.E.; O’Neill, C.; Heaney, L.G. British thoracic society difficult asthma network. The cost of treating severe refractory asthma in the UK: an economic analysis from the British Thoracic Society Difficult Asthma Registry. Thorax, 2015, 70(4), 376-378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204114] [PMID: 24917087]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204114] [PMID: 24917087]
[5]
Pavord, I.D.; Beasley, R.; Agusti, A.; Anderson, G.P.; Bel, E.; Brusselle, G.; Cullinan, P.; Custovic, A.; Ducharme, F.M.; Fahy, J.V.; Frey, U.; Gibson, P.; Heaney, L.G.; Holt, P.G.; Humbert, M.; Lloyd, C.M.; Marks, G.; Martinez, F.D.; Sly, P.D.; von Mutius, E.; Wenzel, S.; Zar, H.J.; Bush, A. After asthma: redefining airways diseases. Lancet, 2018, 391(10118), 350-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30879-6 ] [PMID: 28911920]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30879-6 ] [PMID: 28911920]
[6]
Busse, W.W. Biological treatments for severe asthma: a major advance in asthma care. Allergol. Int., 2019, 68(2), 158-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2019.01.004 ] [PMID: 30792118]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2019.01.004 ] [PMID: 30792118]
[7]
Spahn, J.D.; Malka, J.; Szefler, S.J. Current application of exhaled nitric oxide in clinical practice. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2016, 138(5), 1296-1298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.002] [PMID: 27664377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.002] [PMID: 27664377]
[8]
Suresh, V.; Mih, J.D.; George, S.C. Measurement of IL-13-induced iNOS-derived gas phase nitric oxide in human bronchial epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2007, 37(1), 97-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2006-0419OC] [PMID: 17347445]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2006-0419OC] [PMID: 17347445]
[9]
van Rensen, E.L.; Straathof, K.C.; Veselic-Charvat, M.A.; Zwinderman, A.H.; Bel, E.H.; Sterk, P.J. Effect of inhaled steroids on airway hyperresponsiveness, sputum eosinophils, and exhaled nitric oxide levels in patients with asthma. Thorax, 1999, 54(5), 403-408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.54.5.403] [PMID: 10212103]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.54.5.403] [PMID: 10212103]
[10]
Petsky, H.L.; Cates, C.J.; Kew, K.M.; Chang, A.B. Tailoring asthma treatment on eosinophilic markers (exhaled nitric oxide or sputum eosinophils): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax, 2018, 73(12), 1110-1119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-211540] [PMID: 29858277]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-211540] [PMID: 29858277]
[11]
Al-Shamkhi, N.; Alving, K.; Dahlen, S.E.; Hedlin, G.; Mid-delveld, R.; Bjerg, A.; Ekerljung, L.; Olin, A.C.; Sommar, J.; Forsberg, B.; Janson, C.; Malinovschi, A. Important non-disease-related determinants of exhaled nitric oxide levels in mild asthma - results from the Swedish GA(2) LEN study. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2016, 46(9), 1185-1193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12749] [PMID: 27138350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12749] [PMID: 27138350]
[12]
Dweik, R.A.; Boggs, P.B.; Erzurum, S.C.; Irvin, C.G.; Leigh, M.W.; Lundberg, J.O.; Olin, A-C.; Plummer, A.L.; Taylor, D.R. American thoracic society committee on interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2011, 184(5), 602-615.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.9120-11ST] [PMID: 21885636]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.9120-11ST] [PMID: 21885636]
[13]
Haccuria, A.; Michils, A.; Michiels, S.; Van Muylem, A. Exhaled nitric oxide: a biomarker integrating both lung function and airway inflammation changes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2014, 134(3), 554-559.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1070] [PMID: 24522091]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1070] [PMID: 24522091]
[14]
McNicholl, D.M.; Stevenson, M.; McGarvey, L.P.; Heaney, L.G. The utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide suppression in the identification of nonadherence in difficult asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2012, 186(11), 1102-1108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201204-0587OC] [PMID: 23024023]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201204-0587OC] [PMID: 23024023]
[15]
Heaney, L.G.; Busby, J.; Bradding, P.; Chaudhuri, R.; Man-sur, A.H.; Niven, R.; Pavord, I.D.; Lindsay, J.T.; Costello, R.W. Medical research council UK refractory asthma strati-fication programme (RASP-UK). Remotely monitored ther-apy and nitric oxide suppression identifies nonadherence in severe asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2019, 199(4), 454-464.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201806-1182OC] [PMID: 30339770]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201806-1182OC] [PMID: 30339770]
[16]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guideline. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management.
[PMID: 32755129]
[PMID: 32755129]
[17]
Kuo, C.R.; Spears, M.; Haughney, J.; Smith, A.; Miller, J.; Bradshaw, T.; Murray, L.; Williamson, P.; Lipworth, B. Scottish consensus statement on the role of FeNO in adult asthma. Respir. Med., 2019, 155, 54-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.07.010] [PMID: 31299469]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.07.010] [PMID: 31299469]
[18]
FDA files genentech’s supplemental biologics license application of Xolair® (omalizumab) for pediatric allergic asthma. Available at: https://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/14620/2016-03-01/fda-files-genentechs-supplemental-biolog (Accessed Date: 15th October, 2020)
[19]
MacDonald, K.M.; Kavati, A.; Ortiz, B.; Alhossan, A.; Lee, C.S.; Abraham, I. Short- and long-term real-world effective-ness of omalizumab in severe allergic asthma: systematic review of 42 studies published 2008-2018. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol., 2019, 15(5), 553-569.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2019.1574571] [PMID: 30763137]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2019.1574571] [PMID: 30763137]
[20]
Braunstahl, G.J.; Chen, C.W.; Maykut, R.; Georgiou, P.; Peachey, G.; Bruce, J. The eXpeRience registry: the ‘real-world’ effectiveness of omalizumab in allergic asthma. Respir. Med., 2013, 107(8), 1141-1151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.04.017] [PMID: 23721684]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.04.017] [PMID: 23721684]
[21]
Barnes, N.; Menzies-Gow, A.; Mansur, A.H.; Spencer, D.; Percival, F.; Radwan, A.; Niven, R. Effectiveness of omali-zumab in severe allergic asthma: a retrospective UK real-world study. J. Asthma, 2013, 50(5), 529-536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2013.790419] [PMID: 23574000]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2013.790419] [PMID: 23574000]
[22]
Hanania, N.A.; Wenzel, S.; Rosén, K.; Hsieh, H.J.; Mo-sesova, S.; Choy, D.F.; Lal, P.; Arron, J.R.; Harris, J.M.; Busse, W. Exploring the effects of omalizumab in allergic asthma: an analysis of biomarkers in the EXTRA study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2013, 187(8), 804-811.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201208-1414OC] [PMID: 23471469]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201208-1414OC] [PMID: 23471469]
[23]
Solidoro, P.; Patrucco, F.; de Blasio, F.; Brussino, L.; Bel-locchia, M.; Dassetto, D.; Pivetta, E.; Riccio, A.; Heffler, E.; Canonica, W.; Rolla, G.; Bucca, C. Predictors of reversible airway obstruction with omalizumab in severe asthma: a real-life study. Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis., 2019, 131753466619841274
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753466619841274] [PMID: 31002021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753466619841274] [PMID: 31002021]
[24]
Brooks, E.A.; Massanari, M.; Hanania, N.A.; Weiner, D.J. Cost-effectiveness of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement in predicting response to omalizumab in asthma. Clinicoecon. Outcomes Res., 2019, 11, 301-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S177207] [PMID: 31114270]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S177207] [PMID: 31114270]
[25]
Haldar, P.; Brightling, C.E.; Hargadon, B.; Gupta, S.; Mon-teiro, W.; Sousa, A.; Marshall, R.P.; Bradding, P.; Green, R.H.; Wardlaw, A.J.; Pavord, I.D. Mepolizumab and exac-erbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2009, 360(10), 973-984.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808991] [PMID: 19264686]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808991] [PMID: 19264686]
[26]
Corren, J.; Weinstein, S.; Janka, L.; Zangrilli, J.; Garin, M. Phase 3 study of reslizumab in patients with poorly controlled asthma: effects across a broad range of eosinophil counts. Chest, 2016, 150(4), 799-810.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.018] [PMID: 27018175]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.018] [PMID: 27018175]
[27]
FitzGerald, J.M.; Bleecker, E.R.; Nair, P.; Korn, S.; Ohta, K.; Lommatzsch, M.; Ferguson, G.T.; Busse, W.W.; Barker, P.; Sproule, S.; Gilmartin, G.; Werkström, V.; Aurivillius, M.; Goldman, M. CALIMA study investigators Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor α monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2016, 388(10056), 2128-2141.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31322-8] [PMID: 27609406]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31322-8] [PMID: 27609406]
[28]
Laviolette, M.; Gossage, D.L.; Gauvreau, G.; Leigh, R.; Olivenstein, R.; Katial, R.; Busse, W.W.; Wenzel, S.; Wu, Y.; Datta, V.; Kolbeck, R.; Molfino, N.A. Effects of benral-izumab on airway eosinophils in asthmatic patients with sputum eosinophilia. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2013, 132(5), 1086-1096.e5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.020 ] [PMID: 23866823]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.020 ] [PMID: 23866823]
[29]
Walsh, G.M.; Hartnell, A.; Wardlaw, A.J.; Kurihara, K.; Sanderson, C.J.; Kay, A.B. IL-5 enhances the in vitro adhe-sion of human eosinophils, but not neutrophils, in a leucocyte integrin (CD11/18)-dependent manner. Immunology, 1990, 71(2), 258-265.
[PMID: 2228026]
[PMID: 2228026]
[30]
Malinovschi, A.; Fonseca, J.A.; Jacinto, T.; Alving, K.; Janson, C. Exhaled nitric oxide levels and blood eosinophil counts independently associate with wheeze and asthma events in national health and nutrition examination survey subjects. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2013, 132(4), 821-827.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.007] [PMID: 23890753]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.007] [PMID: 23890753]
[31]
Pavord, I.D.; Bafadhel, M. Exhaled nitric oxide and blood eosinophilia: independent markers of preventable risk. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2013, 132(4), 828-829.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.045] [PMID: 24001802]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.045] [PMID: 24001802]
[32]
Jatakanon, A.; Lim, S.; Kharitonov, S.A.; Chung, K.F.; Barnes, P.J. Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils, and methacholine responsiveness in patients with mild asthma. Thorax, 1998, 53(2), 91-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.53.2.91] [PMID: 9624291]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.53.2.91] [PMID: 9624291]
[33]
Schleich, F.N.; Seidel, L.; Sele, J.; Manise, M.; Quaedvlieg, V.; Michils, A.; Louis, R. Exhaled nitric oxide thresholds associated with a sputum eosinophil count ≥3% in a cohort of unselected patients with asthma. Thorax, 2010, 65(12), 1039-1044.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.124925] [PMID: 20671307]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.124925] [PMID: 20671307]
[34]
Pavord, I.D.; Korn, S.; Howarth, P.; Bleecker, E.R.; Buhl, R.; Keene, O.N.; Ortega, H.; Chanez, P. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2012, 380(9842), 651-659.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60988-X] [PMID: 22901886]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60988-X] [PMID: 22901886]
[35]
Castro, M.; Wenzel, S.E.; Bleecker, E.R.; Pizzichini, E.; Kuna, P.; Busse, W.W.; Gossage, D.L.; Ward, C.K.; Wu, Y.; Wang, B.; Khatry, D.B.; van der Merwe, R.; Kolbeck, R.; Molfino, N.A.; Raible, D.G. Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin 5 receptor α monoclonal antibody, versus placebo for uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma: a phase 2b randomised dose-ranging study. Lancet Respir. Med., 2014, 2(11), 879-890.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70201-2] [PMID: 25306557]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70201-2] [PMID: 25306557]
[36]
Bleecker, E.R.; Wechsler, M.E.; FitzGerald, J.M.; Menzies-Gow, A.; Wu, Y.; Hirsch, I.; Goldman, M.; Newbold, P.; Zangrilli, J.G. Baseline patient factors impact on the clinical efficacy of benralizumab for severe asthma. Eur. Respir. J., 2018, 52(4)1800936
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00936-2018] [PMID: 30139780]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00936-2018] [PMID: 30139780]
[37]
Pelaia, G.; Vatrella, A.; Maselli, R. The potential of biologics for the treatment of asthma. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2012, 11(12), 958-972.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3792] [PMID: 23197041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3792] [PMID: 23197041]
[38]
May, R.D.; Monk, P.D.; Cohen, E.S.; Manuel, D.; Dempsey, F.; Davis, N.H.; Dodd, A.J.; Corkill, D.J.; Woods, J. Jober-ty-Candotti, C.; Conroy, L.A.; Koentgen, F.; Martin, E.C.; Wilson, R.; Brennan, N.; Powell, J.; Anderson, I.K. Preclin-ical development of CAT-354, an IL-13 neutralizing antibody, for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2012, 166(1), 177-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01659.x] [PMID: 21895629]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01659.x] [PMID: 21895629]
[39]
Agrawal, S.; Townley, R.G. Role of periostin, FENO, IL-13, lebrikzumab, other IL-13 antagonist and dual IL-4/IL-13 an-tagonist in asthma. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2014, 14(2), 165-181.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2014.859673] [PMID: 24283478]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2014.859673] [PMID: 24283478]
[40]
Corren, J.; Lemanske, R.F.; Hanania, N.A.; Korenblat, P.E.; Parsey, M.V.; Arron, J.R.; Harris, J.M.; Scheerens, H.; Wu, L.C.; Su, Z.; Mosesova, S.; Eisner, M.D.; Bohen, S.P.; Mat-thews, J.G. Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, 365(12), 1088-1098.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1106469] [PMID: 21812663]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1106469] [PMID: 21812663]
[41]
Russell, R.J.; Chachi, L.; FitzGerald, J.M.; Backer, V.; Olivenstein, R.; Titlestad, I.L.; Ulrik, C.S.; Harrison, T.; Singh, D.; Chaudhuri, R.; Leaker, B.; McGarvey, L.; Sid-diqui, S.; Wang, M.; Braddock, M.; Nordenmark, L.H.; Co-hen, D.; Parikh, H.; Colice, G.; Brightling, C.E. MESOS study investigators Effect of tralokinumab, an interleukin-13 neutralising monoclonal antibody, on eosinophilic airway inflammation in uncontrolled moderate-to-severe asthma (MESOS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Respir. Med., 2018, 6(7), 499-510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30201-7] [PMID: 29793857]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30201-7] [PMID: 29793857]
[42]
Hanania, N.A.; Noonan, M.; Corren, J.; Korenblat, P.; Zheng, Y.; Fischer, S.K.; Cheu, M.; Putnam, W.S.; Murray, E.; Scheerens, H.; Holweg, C.T.J.; Maciuca, R.; Gray, S.; Doyle, R.; McClintock, D.; Olsson, J.; Matthews, J.G.; Yen, K. Lebrikizumab in moderate-to-severe asthma: pooled data from two randomised placebo-controlled studies. Thorax, 2015, 70(8), 748-756.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206719] [PMID: 26001563]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206719] [PMID: 26001563]
[43]
Hanania, N.A.; Korenblat, P.; Chapman, K.R.; Bateman, E.D.; Kopecky, P.; Paggiaro, P.; Yokoyama, A.; Olsson, J.; Gray, S.; Holweg, C.T.; Eisner, M.; Asare, C.; Fischer, S.K.; Peng, K.; Putnam, W.S.; Matthews, J.G. Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab in patients with uncontrolled asthma (LA-VOLTA I and LAVOLTA II): replicate, phase 3, random-ised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Respir. Med., 2016, 4(10), 781-796.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30265-X] [PMID: 27616196]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30265-X] [PMID: 27616196]
[44]
Panettieri, R.A. Jr.; Sjöbring, U.; Péterffy, A.; Wessman, P.; Bowen, K.; Piper, E.; Colice, G.; Brightling, C.E. Traloki-numab for severe, uncontrolled asthma (STRATOS 1 and STRATOS 2): two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 clinical trials. Lancet Respir. Med., 2018, 6(7), 511-525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30184-X] [PMID: 29792288]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30184-X] [PMID: 29792288]
[45]
Santini, G.; Mores, N.; Malerba, M.; Mondino, C.; Anzivino, R.; Macis, G.; Montuschi, P. Dupilumab for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2017, 26(3), 357-366.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2017.1282458] [PMID: 28085503]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2017.1282458] [PMID: 28085503]
[46]
Wenzel, S.; Ford, L.; Pearlman, D.; Spector, S.; Sher, L.; Skobieranda, F.; Wang, L.; Kirkesseli, S.; Rocklin, R.; Bock, B.; Hamilton, J.; Ming, J.E.; Radin, A.; Stahl, N.; Yancopoulos, G.D.; Graham, N.; Pirozzi, G. Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels. N. Engl. J. Med., 2013, 368(26), 2455-2466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1304048] [PMID: 23688323]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1304048] [PMID: 23688323]
[47]
Wenzel, S.; Castro, M.; Corren, J.; Maspero, J.; Wang, L.; Zhang, B.; Pirozzi, G.; Sutherland, E.R.; Evans, R.R.; Joish, V.N.; Eckert, L.; Graham, N.M.H.; Stahl, N.; Yancopoulos, G.D.; Louis-Tisserand, M.; Teper, A. Dupilumab efficacy and safety in adults with uncontrolled persistent asthma de-spite use of medium-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a long-acting β2 agonist: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled pivotal phase 2b dose-ranging trial. Lancet, 2016, 388(10039), 31-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30307-5] [PMID: 27130691]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30307-5] [PMID: 27130691]
[48]
Castro, M.; Corren, J.; Pavord, I.D.; Maspero, J.; Wenzel, S.; Rabe, K.F.; Busse, W.W.; Ford, L.; Sher, L.; FitzGerald, J.M.; Katelaris, C.; Tohda, Y.; Zhang, B.; Staudinger, H.; Pirozzi, G.; Amin, N.; Ruddy, M.; Akinlade, B.; Khan, A.; Chao, J.; Martincova, R.; Graham, N.M.H.; Hamilton, J.D.; Swanson, B.N.; Stahl, N.; Yancopoulos, G.D.; Teper, A. Dupilumab efficacy and safety in moderate-to-severe uncon-trolled asthma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2018, 378(26), 2486-2496.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092] [PMID: 29782217]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092] [PMID: 29782217]
[49]
Rabe, K.F.; Nair, P.; Brusselle, G.; Maspero, J.F.; Castro, M.; Sher, L.; Zhu, H.; Hamilton, J.D.; Swanson, B.N.; Khan, A.; Chao, J.; Staudinger, H.; Pirozzi, G.; Antoni, C.; Amin, N.; Ruddy, M.; Akinlade, B.; Graham, N.M.H.; Stahl, N.; Yancopoulos, G.D.; Teper, A. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in glucocorticoid-dependent severe asthma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2018, 378(26), 2475-2485.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093] [PMID: 29782224]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093] [PMID: 29782224]
[50]
European Medicines Agency Available at: https://www.ema. europa.eu/en/documents/smop/chmp-post-authorisation-summary-positive-opinion-dupixent-ii-12_en.pdf (Accessed Date: 15th October, 2020).
[51]
Verstraete, K.; Peelman, F.; Braun, H.; Lopez, J.; Van Rompaey, D.; Dansercoer, A.; Vandenberghe, I.; Pauwels, K.; Tavernier, J.; Lambrecht, B.N.; Hammad, H.; De Winter, H.; Beyaert, R.; Lippens, G.; Savvides, S.N. Structure and antagonism of the receptor complex mediated by human TSLP in allergy and asthma. Nat. Commun., 2017, 8, 14937.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14937] [PMID: 28368013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14937] [PMID: 28368013]
[52]
Corren, J.; Parnes, J.R.; Wang, L.; Mo, M.; Roseti, S.L.; Griffiths, J.M.; van der Merwe, R. Tezepelumab in adults with uncontrolled asthma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2017, 377(10), 936-946.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1704064] [PMID: 28877011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1704064] [PMID: 28877011]
[53]
Gauvreau, G.M.; O’Byrne, P.M.; Boulet, L-P.; Wang, Y.; Cockcroft, D.; Bigler, J.; FitzGerald, J.M.; Boedigheimer, M.; Davis, B.E.; Dias, C.; Gorski, K.S.; Smith, L.; Bautista, E.; Comeau, M.R.; Leigh, R.; Parnes, J.R. Effects of an anti-TSLP antibody on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. N. Engl. J. Med., 2014, 370(22), 2102-2110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1402895] [PMID: 24846652]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1402895] [PMID: 24846652]
[54]
Lawrence, M.G.; Steinke, J.W.; Borish, L. Cytokine-targeting biologics for allergic diseases. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2018, 120(4), 376-381.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2018.01.009] [PMID: 29410215]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2018.01.009] [PMID: 29410215]
[55]
Chinthrajah, S.; Cao, S.; Liu, C.; Lyu, S.C.; Sindher, S.B.; Long, A.; Sampath, V.; Petroni, D.; Londei, M.; Nadeau, K.C. Phase 2a randomized, placebo-controlled study of anti-IL-33 in peanut allergy. JCI Insight, 2019, 4(22)131347
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.131347] [PMID: 31723064]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.131347] [PMID: 31723064]
[56]
Mogensen, I.; James, A.; Malinovschi, A. Systemic and breath biomarkers for asthma: an update. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2020, 20(1), 71-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000599] [PMID: 31652141]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000599] [PMID: 31652141]