Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current HIV Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-162X
ISSN (Online): 1873-4251

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-patients in Antiretroviral Therapy

Author(s): Daniel Vargas-Pacherrez*, Helma P. Cotrim, Leonardo Pires, Vitor Cunha, Vitor Coelho, Carlos Brites and Carla Daltro

Volume 18, Issue 6, 2020

Page: [388 - 395] Pages: 8

DOI: 10.2174/1570162X18666200609115615

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: The global prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among people living with HIV/AIDS varies from 20% to 33%.

Objective: to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors in a group of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with HIV-infected patients from a reference center in Bahia, Brazil. We evaluated clinical, socio-demographic and anthropometric data. MS was defined according to the guidelines of International Diabetes Federation.

Results: We evaluated 152 patients with mean age of 47.3±11.6 years, 59.2% male. The main comorbidities detected were diabetes (3.3%) hypertriglyceridemia (9.3%) and metabolic syndrome (MS,38.2%). Patients with MS were predominantly women (55.2% vs 31.9%; p=0.005), older [52.1 (10.4) vs 44.3 (11.3); p<0.001], and had overweight (74.1% vs 23.4%; p<0.001). After multivariate analysis MS remained associated with age (OR = 1.076; 95% CI: 1.030 – 1.125), female sex (OR = 2.452; 95% CI: 1.114 – 5.374) and family history of hypertension (OR = 3.678; 95% CI: 1.431 – 9.395).

Conclusion: Almost half of the HIV-infected patients in Bahia presents with MS which seems to be driven by classical risk factors.

Keywords: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, metabolic syndrome, human immunodeficiency virus, antiretroviral therapy, metabolic disorders, prevalence

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
de Carvalho Vidigal F, Bressan J, Babio N, Salas-Salvadó J. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adults: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 1198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1198] [PMID: 24350922]
[2]
International Diabetes Federation; The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the Metabolic Syndrome 2006.Available from:. https://www.idf.org/e-library/consensus-statements/60-idfconsensus-worldwide-definitionof-the-metabolic-syndrome.html#:~:targetText=IDF%20Consensus%20World wide% 20Definition%20of,cholesterol%20and%20high%20blood%20pressure
[3]
Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome--a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005; 366(9491): 1059-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67402-8] [PMID: 16182882]
[4]
Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003-2012. JAMA 2015; 313(19): 1973-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.4260] [PMID: 25988468]
[5]
Jevtović DJ, Dragović G, Salemović D, Ranin J, Djurković-Djaković O. The metabolic syndrome, an epidemic among HIV-infected patients on HAART. Biomed Pharmacother 2009; 63(5): 337-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2008.09.011] [PMID: 18996676]
[6]
Paula AA, Falcão MC, Pacheco AG. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected individuals: underlying mechanisms and epidemiological aspects. AIDS Res Ther 2013; 10(1): 32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-6405-10-32] [PMID: 24330597]
[7]
Nakaranurack C, Manosuthi W. Prevalence of non-AIDS comorbidities and factors associated with metabolic complications among HIV-infected patients at a Thai referral hospital. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2018.172325957417752256
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957417752256] [PMID: 29357771]
[8]
Jones CY. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients: no different than the general population? Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(5): 735-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/511691] [PMID: 17278069]
[9]
Umeh OC, Currier JS. Lipids, metabolic syndrome, and risk factors for future cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected patients. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2005; 2(3): 132-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11904-005-0006-6] [PMID: 16091260]
[10]
Obirikorang C, Quaye L, Osei-Yeboah J, Odame EA, Asare I. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected patients in Ghana: A cross-sectional study. Niger Med J 2016; 57(2): 86-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0300-1652.182082] [PMID: 27226681]
[11]
Vergara-Rodriguez P, Vibhakar S, Watts J. Metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular risk factors in the treatment of persons with human immunodeficiency virus and severe mental illness. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 124(3): 269-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.07.004] [PMID: 19647020]
[12]
Valdivia-Caramantín W, Malca J, Mezones-Holguín E. Metabolic syndrome in HIV patients: an opportunity for nutritional supple-mentation? Rev Chilena Infectol 2018; 35(1): 96-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182018000100096] [PMID: 29652981]
[13]
Stanley TL, Grinspoon SK. Body composition and metabolic changes in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis 2012; 205(Suppl. 3): S383-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis205] [PMID: 22577212]
[14]
Monnerat BZ, Cerutti Junior C., Caniçali SC, Motta TR. Clinical and biochemical evaluation of HIV-related lipodystrophy in an ambulatory population from the Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antonio de Morais, Vitória, ES, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2008; 12(4): 364-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702008000400002] [PMID: 19030742]
[15]
Signorini DJHP, Monteiro MC, Andrade MdeF, Signorini DH. Eyer-Silva WdeA. What should we know about metabolic syndrome and lipodystrophy in AIDS? Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2012; 58(1): 70-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0104-4230(12)70157-4] [PMID: 22392319]
[16]
Kolgiri V, Nagar V, Patil V. Association of metabolic syndrome and oxidative DNA damage in HIV/AIDS patients. Indian J Clin Biochem 2018; 33(3): 273-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12291-017-0670-5] [PMID: 30072826]
[17]
Lagathu C, Béréziat V, Gorwood J, et al. Metabolic complications affecting adipose tissue, lipid and glucose metabolism associated with HIV antiretroviral treatment. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18(9): 829-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2019.1644317] [PMID: 31304808]
[18]
Cubero JM, Domingo P, Sambeat M, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects is widely influenced by the diagnostic criteria. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2011; 9(5): 345-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2010.0129] [PMID: 21542770]
[19]
Bergersen BM, Schumacher A, Sandvik L, Bruun JN, Birkeland K. Important differences in components of the metabolic syndrome between HIV-patients with and without highly active antiretroviral therapy and healthy controls. Scand J Infect Dis 2006; 38(8): 682-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540500361302] [PMID: 16857615]
[20]
Guillen MA, Mejia FA, Villena J, Turin CG, Carcamo CP, Ticse R. Insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: cross-sectional study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7: 49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13098-015-0046-z] [PMID: 26034512]
[21]
Srinivasa S, Grinspoon SK. Metabolic and body composition effects of newer antiretrovirals in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170(5): R185-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-13-0967] [PMID: 24523497]
[22]
Osoti A, Temu TM, Kirui N, et al. Metabolic syndrome among antiretroviral therapy-naive versus experienced HIV-infected patients without preexisting cardiometabolic disorders in Western Kenya. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2018; 32(6): 215-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2018.0052] [PMID: 29851503]
[23]
Biron A, Bobin-Dubigeon C, Volteau C, et al. Metabolic syndrome in French HIV-infected patients: prevalence and predictive factors after 3 years of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28(12): 1672-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2012.0048] [PMID: 22731114]
[24]
Anuurad E, Semrad A, Berglund L. Human immunodeficiency virus and highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated metabolic disorders and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009; 7(5): 401-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2008.0096] [PMID: 19355810]
[25]
Samaras K, Wand H, Law M, Emery S, Cooper D, Carr A. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy using International Diabetes Foundation and Adult Treatment Panel III criteria: associations with insulin resistance, disturbed body fat compartmentalization, elevated C-reactive protein, and [corrected] hypoadiponectinemia. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(1): 113-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1075] [PMID: 17192343]
[26]
Nguyen KA, Peer N, Mills EJ, Kengne AP. A meta-analysis of the metabolic syndrome prevalence in the global HIV-infected population. PLoS One 2016; 11(3)e0150970
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150970] [PMID: 27008536]
[27]
Echecopar-Sabogal J, D’Angelo-Piaggio L, Chaname´-Baca DM, Ugarte-Gil C. Association between the use of protease inhibitors in highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of diabetes mellitus and/or metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J STD AIDS 2018; 29(5): 443-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417732226] [PMID: 28956700]
[28]
Wu PY, Hung CC, Liu WC, et al. Metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected Taiwanese patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: prevalence and associated factors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67(4): 1001-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr558] [PMID: 22232517]
[29]
Alvarez C, Salazar R, Galindez J, et al. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Latin America. Braz J Infect Dis 2010; 14(3): 256-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1413-8670(10)70053-2] [PMID: 20835509]
[30]
Bonfanti P, De Socio GL, Marconi P, et al. Is metabolic syndrome associated to HIV infection per se? Results from the HERMES study. Curr HIV Res 2010; 8(2): 165-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016210790442731] [PMID: 20163341]
[31]
Akl LD, Valadares ALR, Moraes MJ, Pinto-Neto AM, Lagrutta B, Costa-Paiva L. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected middle-aged women on antiretroviral therapy: prevalence and associated factors. Braz J Infect Dis 2017; 21(3): 263-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.02.003] [PMID: 28284656]
[32]
Adeyemi O, Rezai K, Bahk M, Badri S, Thomas-Gossain N. Metabolic syndrome in older HIV-infected patients: data from the CORE50 cohort. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2008; 22(12): 941-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2008.0119] [PMID: 19072100]
[33]
Albu JB, Kovera AJ, Allen L, et al. Independent association of insulin resistance with larger amounts of intermuscular adipose tissue and a greater acute insulin response to glucose in African American than in white nondiabetic women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82(6): 1210-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.6.1210] [PMID: 16332653]
[34]
Palacios R, Santos J, González M, Ruiz J, Márquez M. Incidence and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a cohort of naive HIV-infected patients: prospective analysis at 48 weeks of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Int J STD AIDS 2007; 18(3): 184-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646207780132415] [PMID: 17362552]
[35]
World Health Organization. Global Status Report on non-communicable diseases. World Health Organization 2014.
[36]
Brazilian Society of Cardiology 7th Brazilian Guideline for Hypertension. Brazilian Archives of Cardiology 2016; 107(Supplement 3)
[37]
Theengh DP, Yadav P, Jain AK, Nandy P. Assessment of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected individuals. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2017; 38(2): 152-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijstd.IJSTD_55_16] [PMID: 30148269]
[38]
Costa CRB, Melo ES, Antonini M, et al. Associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais com a síndrome metabólica em pessoas vivendo com HIV. Rev Gaúcha Enferm 2019; 40e20180379
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2019.20180379] [PMID: 31188990]
[39]
Alencastro PR, Fuchs SC, Wolff FH, Ikeda ML, Brandão AB, Barcellos NT. Independent predictors of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2011; 25(11): 627-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2010.0360] [PMID: 21936688]
[40]
Raposo MA, Armiliato GNA, Guimarães NS, Caram CA, Silveira RDS, Tupinambás U. Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV/AIDS without the use of antiretroviral therapy. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50(5): 598-606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0258-2017] [PMID: 29160505]
[41]
Sawadogo A, Sanou S, Hema A, et al. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk patients under antiretrovirals in a day hospital at Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2014; 107(3): 151-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13149-014-0371-8] [PMID: 24953144]
[42]
Muhammad FY, Gezawa ID, Uloko A, Yakasai AM, Habib AG, Iliyasu G. Metabolic syndrome among HIV infected patients: A comparative cross sectional study in northwestern Nigeria. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11(Suppl. 1): S523-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.046] [PMID: 28410829]
[43]
Muyanja D, Muzoora C, Muyingo A, Muyindike W, Siedner MJ. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk among people with HIV on stable ART in Southwestern Uganda. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016; 30(1): 4-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2015.0213] [PMID: 26683587]
[44]
Bune GT, Yalew AW, Kumie A. The global magnitude of metabolic syndrome among antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposed and ART-naïve adult HIV-infected patients in gedio-zone, southern Ethiopia: Comparative cross-sectional study, using the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13(5): 2833-41.
[45]
Kiama CN, Wamicwe JN, Oyugi EO, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in an urban population of adults living with HIV in Nairobi, Kenya. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 29: 90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.29.90.13328] [PMID: 29875971]
[46]
Sears S, Buendia JR, Odem S, et al. Metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV receiving medical care in Southern United States: prevalence and risk factors. AIDS Behav 2019; 23(11): 2916-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02487-8] [PMID: 30929149]
[47]
Husain NE, Noor SK, Elmadhoun WM, et al. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in people living with HIV in Africa: re-emerging challenges not to be forgotten HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care. 2017; 9: 193-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S137974]
[48]
Naidu S, Ponnampalvanar S, Kamaruzzaman SB, Kamarulzaman A. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV in developing countries: a systematic review. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2017; 31(1): 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2016.0140] [PMID: 28051897]
[49]
Gradidge PJL, Crowther NJ. Review: metabolic syndrome in black South African women. Ethn Dis 2017; 27(2): 189-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.27.2.189] [PMID: 28439190]
[50]
Todowede OO, Mianda SZ, Sartorius B. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among HIV-positive and HIV-negative populations in sub-Saharan Africa-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2019; 8(1): 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0927-y] [PMID: 30606249]
[51]
Ayodele OE, Akinboro AO, Akinyemi SO, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of metabolic syndrome in Nigerians living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 10(5): 373-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2012.0050] [PMID: 22799758]
[52]
Hirigo AT, Tesfaye DY. Influences of gender in metabolic syndrome and its components among people living with HIV virus using antiretroviral treatment in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9: 145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-1953-2] [PMID: 26945987]
[53]
Silva EF, Bassichetto KC, Lewi DS. Perfil lipídico, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y síndrome metabólico en un grupo de pacientes con SID. Arq Bras Cardiol 2009; 93(2): 113-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2009000800008] [PMID: 19838487]
[54]
Guira O, Tiéno H, Diendéré AE, et al. Features of metabolic syndrome and its associated factors during highly active antiretroviral therapy in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2016; 15(2): 159-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957415601503] [PMID: 26307211]
[55]
Hansen BR, Petersen J, Haugaard SB, et al. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Danish patients with HIV infection: the effect of antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2009; 10(6): 378-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00697.x] [PMID: 19490178]
[56]
Tiozzo E, Konefal J, Adwan S, et al. A cross-sectional assessment of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected people of low socio-economic status receiving antiretroviral therapy. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7: 15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13098-015-0008-5] [PMID: 25763112]
[57]
Bajaj S, Tyagi SK, Bhargava A. Metabolic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 17(1): 117-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.107821] [PMID: 23776863]
[58]
Reeds DN. Metabolic syndrome risks of cardiovascular disease: differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative? J Cardiometab Syndr 2008; 3(2): 79-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.07592.x] [PMID: 18453806]
[59]
Vu CN, Ruiz-Esponda R, Yang E, et al. Altered relationship of plasma triglycerides to HDL cholesterol in patients with HIV/HAART-associated dyslipidemia: further evidence for a unique form of metabolic syndrome in HIV patients. Metabolism 2013; 62(7): 1014-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2013.01.020] [PMID: 23522788]
[60]
Falasca K, Ucciferri C, Manzoli L, et al. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2007; 20(3): 519-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463200702000310] [PMID: 17880765]
[61]
Barbaro G. Visceral fat as target of highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated metabolic syndrome. Curr Pharm Des 2007; 13(21): 2208-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161207781039661] [PMID: 17627554]
[62]
Wohl D, Scherzer R, Heymsfield S, et al. FRAM Study Investigators. The associations of regional adipose tissue with lipid and lip-oprotein levels in HIV-infected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 48(1): 44-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31816d9ba1] [PMID: 18360291]
[63]
Asztalos BF, Matera R, Horvath KV, et al. Cardiovascular Disease-Risk Markers in HIV Patients. J AIDS Clin Res 2014; 5(7): 317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000317] [PMID: 26005590]
[64]
Duro M, Manso MC, Barreira S, Rebelo I, Medeiros R, Almeida C. Metabolic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Int J STD AIDS 2018; 29(11): 1089-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418775188] [PMID: 29874955]
[65]
Lombo B, Alkhalil I, Golden MP, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Conn Med 2015; 79(5): 277-81.
[PMID: 26245015]
[66]
Freitas P, Carvalho D, Souto S, et al. Impact of Lipodystrophy on the prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-246] [PMID: 21933422]
[67]
Jantarapakde J, Phanuphak N, Chaturawit C, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among antiretroviral-naive and antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1 infected Thai adults. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2014; 28(7): 331-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2013.0294] [PMID: 24914459]
[68]
Berhane T, Yami A, Alemseged F, et al. Prevalence of lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome among HIV positive individuals on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral treatment in Jimma, South West Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J 2012; 13: 43.
[PMID: 23330034]
[69]
Tesfaye DY, Kinde S, Medhin G, et al. Burden of metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected patients in Southern Ethiopia. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2014; 8(2): 102-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2014.04.008] [PMID: 24907175]
[70]
Mbunkah HA, Meriki HD, Kukwah AT, Nfor O, Nkuo-Akenji T. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus - infected patients from the South-West region of Cameroon, using the adult treatment panel III criteria. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6(1): 92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-6-92] [PMID: 25197324]
[71]
Krishnan S, Schouten JT, Atkinson B, et al. Changes in metabolic syndrome status after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68(1): 73-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000397] [PMID: 25321179]
[72]
Brown TT, Cole SR, Li X, et al. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165(10): 1179-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.10.1179] [PMID: 15911733]
[73]
Li Vecchi V, Maggi P, Rizzo M, Montalto G. The metabolic syndrome and HIV infection. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20(31): 4975-5003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612819666131206104209] [PMID: 24320034]
[74]
Mondy K, Overton ET, Grubb J, et al. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients from an urban, midwestern US outpatient population. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(5): 726-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/511679] [PMID: 17278068]
[75]
Sobieszczyk ME, Werner L, Mlisana K, et al. Metabolic syndrome after HIV acquisition in South African women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 73(4): 438-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001123] [PMID: 27391387]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
29
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy