[1]
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020; 579(7798): 270-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7]
[2]
Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017]
[3]
Liu PP, Blet A, Smyth D, Li H. The science underlying COVID-19: Implications for the cardiovascular system. Circulation 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549]
[4]
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. for the China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032]
[5]
Cristiani L, Mancino E, Matera L, et al. Will children reveal their secret? The coronavirus dilemma. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(4): pii: 2000749
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00749-2020] [PMID: 32241833]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00749-2020] [PMID: 32241833]
[6]
Lavezzo E, Franchin E, Ciavarella C, et al. Suppression of COVID-19 outbreak in the municipality of Vo’ Italy medRxiv 2020. preprint
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.20053157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.20053157]
[7]
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020; 7(1): 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0] [PMID: 32169119]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0] [PMID: 32169119]
[8]
Leung NHL, Chu DKW, Shiu EYC, et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat Med 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2]
[9]
Gandhi M, Yokoe DS, Havlir DV. Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles’ Heel of current strategies to control COVID-19. N Eng J Med 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2009758]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2009758]
[10]
Hellewell J, Abbott S, Gimma A, et al. Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 8(4): e488-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30074-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30074-7]
[11]
Pan A, Liu L, Wang C, et al. Association of public health interventions with the epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6130]
[12]
Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020; pii: S0049-3848(20): 30120-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013]
[13]
Zhai Z, Li C, Chen Y, et al. on behalf of Prevention Treatment of VTE Associated with COVID-19 Infection Consensus Statement Group, Pulmonary
Embolism Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Group of the Chinese Thoracic Society, Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Vascular Disease Working Committee
of Chinese Association of Chest Physicians, National Cooperation Group on Prevention Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Vascular
Disease, National Program Office for Prevention Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism Deep Vein Thrombosis, China Grade Center, Evidence-based
Medicine Center of School of Basic Medical Sciences of Lanzhou University. Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with
coronavirus disease 2019 infection: A consensus statement before guidelines. Thromb Haemost 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710019]
[14]
Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39(7): 618-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x]
[15]
Pagliaro P, Penna C. Rethinking the renin-angiotensin system and its role in cardiovascular regulation. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2005; 19(1): 77-87.
[16]
Tikellis C, Thomas MC. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key modulator of the renin angiotensin system in health and disease. Int J Pept 2012; 2012, 256294
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/256294]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/256294]
[17]
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020; 181(2): 271-280.e8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052]
[18]
Kuba K, Imai Y, Ohto-Nakanishi T, Penninger JM. Trilogy of ACE2: a peptidase in the renin-angiotensin system, a SARS receptor, and a partner for amino acid transporters. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128(1): 119-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.06.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.06.003]
[19]
Chen L, Li X, Chen M, Feng Y, Xiong C. The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116(6): 1097-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa078]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa078]
[20]
Hilliard LM, Sampson AK, Brown RD, Denton KM. The “his and hers” of the renin-angiotensin system. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013 Feb; 15(1): 71-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-012-0319-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-012-0319-y]
[21]
Horstman AM, Dillon EL, Urban RJ, Sheffield-Moore M. The role of androgens and estrogens on healthy aging and longevity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67(11): 1140-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls068]
[22]
Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov. bioRxiv 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.26.919985]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.26.919985]
[23]
Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702]
[24]
Chen J, Jiang Q, Xia X, et al. Individual variation of the SARS-CoV2 receptor ACE2 gene expression and regulation. Preprints 2020.
[25]
Li G, He X, Zhang L, et al. Assessing ACE2 expression patterns in lung tissues in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. J Autoimmun 2020., 102463
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102463]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102463]
[26]
Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.22831]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.22831]
[27]
Deshotels MR, Xia H, Sriramula S, Lazartigues E, Filipeanu CM. Angiotensin II mediates angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 internalization and degradation through an angiotensin II type I receptor-dependent mechanism. Hypertension 2014; 64(6): 1368-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03743] [PMID: 25225202]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03743] [PMID: 25225202]
[28]
Abassi Z, Assady S, Khoury EE, Heyman SN. Letter to the editor: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: an ally or a Trojan horse? Implications to SARSCoV-
2-related cardiovascular complications.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2020; 318: pp. (5)H1080-1083.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00215.2020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00215.2020]
[29]
Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zhang H, Deng A. Association of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors with severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1624]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1624]
[30]
Li Y, Zhou W, Yang L, You R. Physiological and pathological regulation of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157, 104833
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104833]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104833]
[31]
Khan A, Benthin C, Zeno B, et al. A pilot clinical trial of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 2017; 21(1): 234.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1823-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1823-x]
[32]
Monteil V, Kwon H, Prado P, et al. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections in engineered human tissues using clinical-grade soluble human ACE2. Cell 2020; pii: S0092-8674(20): 30399-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.004]
[33]
Kumar A, Kar S, Fay WP. Thrombosis, physical activity, and acute coronary syndromes. J Appl Physiol 2011; 111(2): 599-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00017.2011] [PMID: 21596926]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00017.2011] [PMID: 21596926]
[34]
Shephard RJ, Balady GJ. Exercise as cardiovascular therapy. Circulation 1999; 99(7): 963-72.
[PMID: 10027821]
[PMID: 10027821]
[35]
Roberts CK, Barnard RJ. Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98(1): 3-30.
[PMID: 15591300]
[PMID: 15591300]
[36]
Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(11): 793-801.
[PMID: 11893790]
[PMID: 11893790]
[37]
Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing A, Hsieh C. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N Engl J Med 1986; 314(10): 605-13.
[PMID: 3945246]
[PMID: 3945246]
[38]
Billman GE. Cardiac autonomic neural remodeling and susceptibility to sudden cardiac death: effect of endurance exercise training. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297(4): H1171-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00534.2009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00534.2009]
[39]
Green DJ, Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Taylor R. Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. J Physiol 2004; 561(Pt 1): 1-25.
[PMID: 15375191]
[PMID: 15375191]
[40]
Iellamo F, Volterrani M, Di Gianfrancesco A, Fossati C, Casasco M. The effect of exercise training on autonomic cardiovascular regulation: From cardiac patients to athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2018; 17(12): 473-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000544]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000544]
[41]
Laughlin MH, Joseph B. Wolfe Memorial lecture. Physical activity in prevention and treatment of coronary disease: the battle line is in exercise vascular cell biology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36(3): 352-62.
[42]
Penna C, Alloatti G, Crisafulli A. Mechanisms involved in cardioprotection induced by physical exercise. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020 May 20; 32(15): 1115-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2019.8009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2019.8009]
[43]
Roberto S, Crisafulli A. Consequences of Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus on the cardiovascular regulation during exercise: A brief review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2017; 13: 560-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399812666160614123226]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399812666160614123226]
[44]
Crisafulli A, Pagliaro P, Roberto S, et al. Diabetic cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease: Prevention and therapy by exercise and conditioning. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(8): pii: E2896
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082896]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082896]
[45]
Marongiu E, Crisafulli A. Cardioprotection acquired through exercise: the role of ischemic preconditioning. Curr Cardiol Rev 2014; 10(4): 336-48.
[46]
Thijssen DHJ, Redington A, George KP, Hopman MTE, Jones H. Association of exercise preconditioning with immediate cardioprotection: A review. JAMA Cardiol 2018; 3(2): 169-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4495]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4495]
[47]
Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349(9064): 1498-504.
[PMID: 9167458]
[PMID: 9167458]
[48]
Lippi G, Henry BM, Bovo C, Sanchis-Gomar F. Health risks and potential remedies during prolonged lockdowns for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Diagnosis (Berl) 2020; 7(2): 85-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dx-2020-0041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dx-2020-0041]
[49]
Bourouiba L. Turbulent gas clouds and respiratory pathogen emissions: Potential implications for reducing transmission of COVID-19. JAMA 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4756]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4756]
[50]
Frantz EDC, Giori IG, Machado MV, et al. High, but not low, exercise volume shifts the balance of renin-angiotensin system toward ACE2/Mas receptor axis in skeletal muscle in obese rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313(4): E473-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00078.2017] [PMID: 28679623]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00078.2017] [PMID: 28679623]
[51]
Frantz EDC, Prodel E, Braz ID, et al. Modulation of the renin-angiotensin system in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle: focus on exercise training. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132(14): 1487-507.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20180276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20180276]
[52]
Zucker IH, Schultz HD, Patel KP, Wang H. Modulation of angiotensin II signaling following exercise training in heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308(8): H781-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00026.2015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00026.2015]