Abstract
Background: NN-32 toxin, which was obtained from Naja naja venom and showed cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines. As the toxicity of NN-32 is the main hurdle in the process of drug development; hence, we have conjugated NN-32 toxin with gold nanoparticles (GNP-NN-32) in order to decrease the toxicity of NN-32 without reducing its efficacy, GNP-NN-32 alleviated the toxicity of NN-32 in in vitro studies during the course of earlier studies. In continuation, we are evaluating in vivo toxicity profile of NN-32 and GNP-NN-32 in the present study.
Objective: To study in vivo toxicity profile of NN-32 and nanogold conjugated GNP-NN-32 from Naja naja venom.
Materials and Methods: We have carried out in vivo acute toxicity study to determine LD50 dose of GNP-NN-32, in vivo sub-chronic toxicity for 30 days, haematology, serum biochemical parameters and histopathology study on various mice tissues and in vitro cellular and tissue toxicity studies.
Results: The LD50 dose of GNP-NN-32 was found to be 2.58 mg/kg (i.p.) in Swiss male albino mice. In vivo sub-chronic toxicity showed significantly reduced toxicity of GNP-NN-32 as compared to NN-32 alone.
Discussion: In vitro cellular toxicity studies on human lymphocyte and mouse peritoneal macrophage showed significant inhibition of cells by NN-32 alone.
Conclusion: Conjugated GNP-NN-32 toxin showed less in vivo toxicity as compared to pure NN-32.
Keywords: GNP-NN-32, LD50, Naja naja, Gold nanoparticles, sub-chronic toxicity, serum biochemical parameters, histopathology.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.3635] [PMID: 22408567]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.007] [PMID: 19825384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2013.06.022] [PMID: 23850515]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37435-4] [PMID: 30692577]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2009.137] [PMID: 20142800]
[PMID: 11948110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.012] [PMID: 21530568]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.004] [PMID: 23337397]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.009] [PMID: 22516097]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.10.003] [PMID: 16289865]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820280410] [PMID: 8006052]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7339] [PMID: 16002369]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj027] [PMID: 16237191]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl165] [PMID: 17098817]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17435390701763108]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.079] [PMID: 20044133]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.046] [PMID: 20153731]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/48/485102] [PMID: 21051801]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.023] [PMID: 19162059]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.021] [PMID: 18054925]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-007-0177-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200701853]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S8428] [PMID: 21042423]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-2018-3] [PMID: 29183371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0047] [PMID: 32180805]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.04.007] [PMID: 28962228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60130a004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/37126] [PMID: 9389480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.09.002] [PMID: 24176716]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.11.012] [PMID: 16373073]
[PMID: 339548]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.45.2.471] [PMID: 5009490]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.35.1.79] [PMID: 6015859]
[PMID: 23487552]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0742-8413(99)00047-X] [PMID: 10622430]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.1995.65] [PMID: 7723237]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00871.x] [PMID: 10652029]
[PMID: 7549018]