Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2010
ISSN (Online): 1873-4316

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Protective Effects of Cocos Nucifera Oil in Paraphenylene Diamine Toxicity

Author(s): El-Shaimaa A. Arafa, Manal A. Buabeid*, Waseem Hassan, Ghulam Murtaza, Tahir A. Chohan and Hammad Ahmed

Volume 22, Issue 3, 2021

Published on: 30 April, 2020

Page: [423 - 432] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200430115323

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is a highly toxic compound used for hair-dyeing worldwide. PPD self-poisoning had significantly increased in recent times with increased mortality rates.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the toxic effects of PPD and the protective potential of its prospective antidote Virgin Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera).

Methods: PPD was identified and validated by FT-IR and UV mass spectrometer. PPD toxicity was induced in-vivo by single intraperitoneal injection (40 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg). Single-injection of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) was administered in the presence of PPD at doses of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. Blood was analyzed for renal, hepatic and cardiac biomarkers. Relevant organs were collected, weighed and preserved for histopathological examination. Statistical analysis was carried out to note mortality rate, survival duration and serum biochemical parameter. Molecular docking studies were performed to assess attachment of PPD with histaminergic receptors.

Results: PPD injection achieved 100% mortality rate with short survival span, and disturbed hepatic, renal, and cardiac serum markers with marked histopathological changes. VCO notably decreased mortality rate, raised treatment time window with marked adjustment in hepatic, renal, and cardiac markers. Docking studies proved that PPD attaches robustly with histaminergic receptors.

Conclusion: The study concludes that VCO possesses lifesaving protection against PPD toxicity and can be a suitable antidote.

Keywords: Paraphenylene diamine, virgin coconut oil, toxicity, mortality rates, serum markers, lifesaving protection.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Timbrell, J. Introduction to toxicology; CRC PressL USA, 2001.
[2]
Hayes, A.W.; Kruger, C.L. Hayes’ principles and methods of toxicology; Crc Press: USA, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17359]
[3]
Klonsky, E.D.; May, A.M.; Saffer, B.Y. Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 2016, 12, 307-330.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204] [PMID: 26772209]
[4]
Kumar, S.V.; Venkateswarlu, B.; Sasikala, M.; Kumar, G.V. A study on poisoning cases in a tertiary care hospital. J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med., 2010, 1(1), 35-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.71671] [PMID: 22096334]
[5]
Akbar, K.; Iqbal, J.; ur Rehman, H.; Iqbal, R. Acute renal failure among kala pathar poisoning patients. JSZMC, 2016, 8(2)
[6]
Nott, H.W. Systemic Poisoning by Hair Dye. BMJ, 1924, 1(3297), 421-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.3297.421] [PMID: 20771497]
[7]
Shalaby, S.A.; Elmasry, M.K.; Abd-Elrahman, A.E.; Abd-Elkarim, M.A.; Abd-Elhaleem, Z.A. Clinical profile of acute paraphenylenediamine intoxication in Egypt. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 2010, 26(2), 81-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233709360200] [PMID: 20103579]
[8]
Khan, M.A.; Akram, S.; Shah, H.B.U.; Hamdani, S.A.M.; Khan, M. Epidemic of kala pathar(paraphenylene diamine) poisoning: An emerging threat in southern Punjab. J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak., 2018, 28(1), 44-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2018.01.44] [PMID: 29290191]
[9]
Abdelraheem, M.; Ali, T.; Hussien, R.; Zijlstra, E. Paraphenylene diamine hair dye poisoning in an adolescent. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 2011, 27(10), 911-913.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233711399321] [PMID: 21543462]
[10]
Anuradha, S.; Arora, S.; Mehrotra, S.; Arora, A.; Kar, P. Acute renal failure following Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) poisoning: A case report and review. Ren. Fail., 2004, 26(3), 329-332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JDI-200026722] [PMID: 15354985]
[11]
Radhika, D.; Mohan, K.M.; Sreenivasulu, M.; Reddy, Y.S.; Karthik, T. Hair dye poisoning-A clinicopathological approach and review. J Biosci Tech, 2012, 3(4), 492-497.
[12]
Salian, V.; Shetty, P. Coconut oil and virgin coconut oil: An insight into its oral and overall health benefits. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 2018, 12(1)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2018/31409.11051]
[13]
Ferreira, J.A.; Santos, J.M.; Breitkreitz, M.C.; Ferreira, J.M.S.; Lins, P.M.P.; Farias, S.C.; de Morais, D.R.; Eberlin, M.N.; Bottoli, C.B.G. Characterization of the lipid profile from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) oil of different varieties by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry associated with principal component analysis and independent component analysis. Food Res. Int., 2019, 123, 189-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.052] [PMID: 31284967]
[14]
Krishnamoorthy, G.; Narayana, A.I.; Peralam, P.Y.; Balkrishanan, D. To study the effect of Cocos nucifera oil when incorporated into tissue conditioner on its tensile strength and antifungal activity: An in vitro study. J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc., 2019, 19(3), 225-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jips.jips_387_18] [PMID: 31462861]
[15]
Dey, P. Processing of Tissue in Histopathology Laboratory.In: Basic and Advanced Laboratory Techniques in Histopathology and Cytology; Springer, 2018, pp. 19-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8252-8_2]
[16]
Slaoui, M.; Bauchet, A-L.; Fiette, L. Tissue sampling and processing for histopathology evaluation. Drug Safety Evaluation; Springer: Germany, 2017, pp. 101-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7172-5_4]
[17]
Fischer, A.H.; Jacobson, K.A.; Rose, J.; Zeller, R. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue and cell sections. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 2008. (5) pdb. prot4986.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4986]
[18]
Laskowski, R.A.; MacArthur, M.W.; Moss, D.S.; Thornton, J.M. PROCHECK: A program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures. J. Appl. Cryst., 1993, 26(2), 283-291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889892009944]
[19]
Palanisamy, S.; Shanmugam, A.; Subramaniam, S. Hair dye poisoning - Walking on a tight rope. Int. J. Med. Sci. Public Health, 2013, 2(3), 757.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2013.2.480-482]
[20]
Jain, A.N. Surflex: Fully automatic flexible molecular docking using a molecular similarity-based search engine. J. Med. Chem., 2003, 46(4), 499-511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm020406h] [PMID: 12570372]
[21]
Jain, A.N. Scoring noncovalent protein-ligand interactions: a continuous differentiable function tuned to compute binding affinities. J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des., 1996, 10(5), 427-440.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124474] [PMID: 8951652]
[22]
Zwolak, I. Protective effects of dietary antioxidants against vanadium-induced toxicity: A review oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2020, 2020, 1490316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1490316] [PMID: 31998432]
[23]
Case, D.; Betz, R.; Botello-Smith, W.; Cerutti, D., III; Duke, R.; Giese, T.; Gohlke, H.; Goetz, A. AMBER 16; University of California:: San Francisco, CA, 2016.
[24]
Ryckaert, J-P.; Ciccotti, G.; Berendsen, H.J. Numerical integration of the cartesian equations of motion of a system with constraints: Molecular dynamics of n-alkanes. J. Comput. Phys., 1977, 23(3), 327-341.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(77)90098-5]
[25]
Fogolari, F.; Brigo, A.; Molinari, H. Protocol for MM/PBSA molecular dynamics simulations of proteins. Biophys. J., 2003, 85(1), 159-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74462-2] [PMID: 12829472]
[26]
Kemp, M.; Donovan, J.; Higham, H.; Hooper, J. Biochemical markers of myocardial injury. Br. J. Anaesth., 2004, 93(1), 63-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeh148] [PMID: 15096441]
[27]
Williams, L.K.; Li, C.; Withers, S.G.; Brayer, G.D. Order and disorder: Differential structural impacts of myricetin and ethyl caffeate on human amylase, an antidiabetic target. J. Med. Chem., 2012, 55(22), 10177-10186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm301273u] [PMID: 23050660]
[28]
Saad, S.Y.; Najjar, T.A.; Al-Rikabi, A.C. The preventive role of deferoxamine against acute doxorubicin-induced cardiac, renal and hepatic toxicity in rats. Pharmacol. Res., 2001, 43(3), 211-218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2000.0769] [PMID: 11401411]
[29]
Yilmaz, S.; Atessahin, A.; Sahna, E.; Karahan, I.; Ozer, S. Protective effect of lycopene on adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Toxicology, 2006, 218(2-3), 164-171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.015] [PMID: 16325981]
[30]
Prasad, N.R.; Bitla, A.R.; Manohar, S.M.; Devi, N.H.; Rao, P.S. A retrospective study on the biochemical profile of self poisoning with a popular Indian hair dye. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 2011, 5, 1343-1346.
[31]
Loki, A.L.; Rajamohan, T. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of tender coconut water on carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys., 2003, 40(5), 354-357.
[32]
Limdi, J.K.; Hyde, G.M. Evaluation of abnormal liver function tests. Postgrad. Med. J., 2003, 79(932), 307-312.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.79.932.307] [PMID: 12840117]
[33]
Barshes, N.R.; Lee, T.C.; Balkrishnan, R.; Karpen, S.J.; Carter, B.A.; Goss, J.A. Orthotopic liver transplantation for biliary atresia: The U.S. experience. Liver Transpl., 2005, 11(10), 1193-1200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.20509] [PMID: 16184564]
[34]
Kallel, H.; Chelly, H.; Dammak, H.; Bahloul, M.; Ksibi, H.; Hamida, C.B.; Chaari, A.; Rekik, N.; De Broe, M.E.; Bouaziz, M. Clinical manifestations of systemic paraphenylene diamine intoxication. J. Nephrol., 2005, 18(3), 308-311.
[PMID: 16013020]
[35]
Gandhi, M.; Aggarwal, M.; Puri, S.; Singla, S.K. Prophylactic effect of coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) on ethylene glycol induced nephrocalcinosis in male wistar rat. Int. Braz. J. Urol., 2013, 39(1), 108-117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2013.01.14] [PMID: 23489503]
[36]
Johnston, D.E. Special considerations in interpreting liver function tests. Am. Fam. Physician, 1999, 59(8), 2223-2230.
[PMID: 10221307]
[37]
Chikku, A.M.; Rajamohan, T. Dietary coconut sprout beneficially modulates cardiac damage induced by isoproterenol in rats. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol., 2012, 7(4), 258-265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v7i4.12143]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
10
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy