Abstract
Background: The scope of this paper is to study the energy trading in microgrids. Microgrids are low voltage or medium voltage distribution networks, which consist of energy storage systems, electric loads, e.g. electric vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources (RES).
Methods: Legacy energy grids are being transformed by the introduction of small to medium sized individual or cooperative, mostly RES invested energy producers and prosumers. Electric vehicles penetrate the market and modern power grids integrate them as ancillary services providers when there are peak domestic loads, as well as in order to balance grid voltage aiming to increase system reliability, compensating for renewable energy sources’ intermittency and volatility in energy production.
Results: An elaborate management algorithm is proposed in this paper, to balance demand and local renewable energy sources microgrid supply.
Conclusion: Finally, the results of simulations of different scenarios, including economic parameters and proposals for future research are presented.
Keywords: DC microgrid, energy trading, management algorithm, prosumers, photovoltaic-solar panels (PV), Electric Vehicles (EV)
Graphical Abstract
[1]
E. Mengelkamp, J. Gärttner, K. Rock, S. Kessler, L. Orsini, and C. Weinhardt, "Designing microgrid energy markets: A case study: The brooklyn microgrid", Appl. Energy, vol. 210, pp. 870-880, 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.054]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.054]
[2]
X. Fang, S. Misra, G. Xue, and D. Yang, "Smart grid - The new and improved power grid: A Survey", IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials,, vol. 14, . 2012, no. 4, pp. 944-980.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2011.101911.00087]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2011.101911.00087]
[3]
A.T. Ghareeb, A.A. Mohamed, and O.A. Mohammed, "DC microgrids and distribution systems: An overview" In: , 2013 IEEE
Power Energy Society General Meeting . Vancouver, BC. Canada,
2013.
[4]
I. Skouros, A. Bampoulas, and A. Karlis, "A bidirectional dual active bridge converter for V2G applications based on DC microgrid", In: , 2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362396]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2018.8362396]
[5]
R. Chowdhury, and T. Boruah, "Design of a micro-grid system in Matlab/Simulink", Int. J. Innovative Res. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 04, pp. 5262-5269, 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0407030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0407030]
[6]
Q. Sun, B. Aaron, E.M. Cotterell, Z. Wu, and G. Santiago, "An economic model for distributed energy prosumers", In: , 46th Hawaii Int. Conf. Syst. Sci. (HICSS), 2013, pp. 2103-2112
[7]
"Renewables 2016 Global Status Report ", REN21, 2016, Available
from, http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
[8]
Aron Laszka, Abhishek Dubey, Michael Walker, and Doug Schmidt, "Providing Privacy, Safety and Security in IoT-Based Transactive Energy Systems using Distributed Ledgers", Distributed,
Parallel, and Cluster Computing, Cornell University Library...
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3131542.3131562]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3131542.3131562]
[9]
"Smart Grids in the European Union: Assessing Energy Security, Regulation & Social and Ethical Considerations", Columbia Journal
of European Law, Forthcoming; Queen Mary School of Law
Legal Studies Research Paper No. 263,. 2017
[10]
R. Guerrero-Lemus, and J.M. Martinez-Duart, “Renewable Energies and CO2: Cost Analysis, Environmental Impacts and Technological Trends”, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems., Springer, 2012.
[11]
Z. Nehai, and G. Guerard, "Integration of the blockchain in a smart grid model", In: , 14th Conference of Young Scientists on Energy Issues (CYSENI 2017) Kaunas, Lithuania, 2017.
[12]
S. Hijgenaar, "Electric vehicles: The driving power for energy
transition- Blockchain-based decentralized energy trading,", Master Thesis, Delft University of Technology, 2017,
[13]
H. Wang, and J. Huang, "Incentivizing energy trading for interconnected microgrids", IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 2647-2657, 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2614988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2614988]
[14]
H. Wang, and J. Huang, "Bargaining-based energy trading market for interconnected microgrids", In: , 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) London, 2015, pp. 776-781.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2015.7248416]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2015.7248416]
[15]
P. Zhu, J. Han, L. Liu, and F. Lombardi, "Reliability evaluation of phased-mission systems using stochastic computation", IEEE Trans. Reliab., vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 1612-1623, 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TR.2016.2570565]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TR.2016.2570565]
[16]
R. Peng, Q. Zhai, L. Xing, and J. Yang, Reliability of demand-based phased-mission systems subject to fault level coverageReliab.
Eng. Syst. Safety , vol. 121. . , pp. 18-25, 2014.0951-8320
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2013.07.013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2013.07.013]
[17]
H.M. Soliman, and A. Leon-Garcia, "Game-theoretic demand-side management with storage devices for the future smart grid", IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1475-1485, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2302245]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2302245]
[18]
G. Prashanti, and C. Venkaiah, "Impact of energy storage integration on composite system reliability", In: , 2016 National Power Systems Conference (NPSC) Bhubaneswar, India , 2016, pp. 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NPSC.2016.7858840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NPSC.2016.7858840]
[19]
M. Abogaleela, and K. Kopsidas, "Reliability evaluation framework incorporating energy storage systems", In: , 2017 Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON) Cairo, Egypt, 2017, pp. 490-495.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MEPCON.2017.8301225]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MEPCON.2017.8301225]
[20]
X. Yan, H. Qiu, R. Peng, and S. Wu, "Optimal configuration of a power grid system with a dynamic performance sharing mechanism", Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safety., vol. 193, . pp. 106613, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106613]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106613]
[21]
Y.C. Di Wu, R. Peng, and M. Sun, "Reliability of capacitated systems with performance sharing mechanism", Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., vol. 189, pp. 335-344, 2019.
[22]
L. Chuan, and A. Ukil, "Modeling and validation of electrical load profiling in residential buildings in Singapore", IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 30, pp. 2800-2809, 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2367509]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2367509]
[23]
R. Yao, "A method of formulating energy load profile for domestic buildings in the UK", Energy and Buildings.,, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 663-671, 2005.
[25]
Energy Consumption of Electrical Appliances - PPC, Available
from , https://www.dei.gr/en/katanalwsi-oikiakwn-suskeuwn
[26]
H.S. Rauschenbach, Solar Cell Array Design Handbook., Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1980.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7915-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7915-7]
[27]
Canadian Solar Dymond CS6X-315|320|325|330P-FG, Datasheet,
2016, Available from , https://www.gemenergy.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Canadian-Solar-DS-Dymond-CS6X-P-FG-325-335W-1000-1500V-Mar18.pdf
[28]
Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS), Available
from , https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/tools.html
[29]
D.H. Litwhiler, N. Batt, and J. Hoffman, "Battery energy storage for a low – Voltage DC microgrid system", In: , IAJC-ISAM Joint International Conference, 2016
[30]
BMW i3 Characteristics, Available from , https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/bmw/i3/104793/bmw-i3-updated-with-more-range-and-new-trim-options
[31]
Nissan LEAF Characteristics, Available from:, https://www.nissan.gr/vehicles/new-vehicles/leaf/range-charging.html
[32]
Tesla Model 3 and Chevrolet Bolt Characteristics, Available from: , https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/by-the-numbers-tesla-model-3-vs-chevrolet-bolt-ev/
[33]
Tesla Model 3 Characteristics, Available from , https://electrek.co/2017/08/08/tesla-model-3-battery-packs-50-kwh-75-kwh-elon-musk/
[34]
E. Wikner, and T. Thiringer, "Extending battery lifetime by avoiding high SOC", Appl. Sci. (Basel), vol. 8, no. 10, p. 1825, 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101825]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101825]
Related Journals
Recent Patents on Engineering
Related Books
Voltammetry for Sensing Applications
Article Metrics
5