Generic placeholder image

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 0929-8673
ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

Review Article

Chitosan-Nanocellulose Composites for Regenerative Medicine Applications

Author(s): Avik Khan, Baobin Wang and Yonghao Ni*

Volume 27, Issue 28, 2020

Page: [4584 - 4592] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200127152834

Price: $65

Abstract

Regenerative medicine represents an emerging multidisciplinary field that brings together engineering methods and complexity of life sciences into a unified fundamental understanding of structure-property relationship in micro/nano environment to develop the next generation of scaffolds and hydrogels to restore or improve tissue functions. Chitosan has several unique physico-chemical properties that make it a highly desirable polysaccharide for various applications such as, biomedical, food, nutraceutical, agriculture, packaging, coating, etc. However, the utilization of chitosan in regenerative medicine is often limited due to its inadequate mechanical, barrier and thermal properties. Cellulosic nanomaterials (CNs), owing to their exceptional mechanical strength, ease of chemical modification, biocompatibility and favorable interaction with chitosan, represent an attractive candidate for the fabrication of chitosan/ CNs scaffolds and hydrogels. The unique mechanical and biological properties of the chitosan/CNs bio-nanocomposite make them a material of choice for the development of next generation bio-scaffolds and hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we have summarized the preparation method, mechanical properties, morphology, cytotoxicity/ biocompatibility of chitosan/CNs nanocomposites for regenerative medicine applications, which comprises tissue engineering and wound dressing applications.

Keywords: Cellulose, nanomaterials, morphology, cytotoxicity, biomedical application, polysaccharide.

[1]
Sainitya, R.; Sriram, M.; Kalyanaraman, V.; Dhivya, S.; Saravanan, S.; Vairamani, M.; Sastry, T.P.; Selvamurugan, N. Scaffolds containing chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose/mesoporous wollastonite for bone tissue engineering. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2015, 80, 481-488.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.016] [PMID: 26188305]
[2]
Rhim, J-W. Effect of clay contents on mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of agar-based nanocomposite films. Carbohydr. Polym., 2011, 86(2), 691-699.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.010]
[3]
Khan, A.; Vu, K.D.; Chauve, G.; Bouchard, J.; Riedl, B.; Lacroix, M. Optimization of microfluidization for the homogeneous distribution of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in biopolymeric matrix. Cellulose, 2014, 21(5), 3457-3468.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0361-9]
[4]
Kim, J.; Cai, Z.; Chen, Y. Biocompatible bacterial cellulose composites for biomedical application. J. Nanotechnol. Eng. Med., 2010, 1(1) 011006
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4000062]
[5]
Croisier, F.; Jérôme, C. Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue engineering. Eur. Polym. J., 2013, 49(4), 780-792.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.009]
[6]
Rhim, J-W.; Hong, S-I.; Park, H-M.; Ng, P.K.W. Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based nanocomposite films with antimicrobial activity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54(16), 5814-5822.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf060658h] [PMID: 16881682]
[7]
Khan, A.; Khan, R.A.; Salmieri, S.; Le Tien, C.; Riedl, B.; Bouchard, J.; Chauve, G.; Tan, V.; Kamal, M.R.; Lacroix, M. Mechanical and barrier properties of nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced chitosan based nanocomposite films. Carbohydr. Polym., 2012, 90(4), 1601-1608.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.037] [PMID: 22944422]
[8]
Ling, S.; Chen, W.; Fan, Y.; Zheng, K.; Jin, K.; Yu, H.; Buehler, M.J.; Kaplan, D.L. Biopolymer nanofibrils: structure, modeling, preparation, and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2018, 85, 1-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.06.004] [PMID: 31915410]
[9]
Gao, J.; Li, Q.; Chen, W.; Liu, Y.; Yu, H. Self-assembly of nanocellulose and indomethacin into hierarchically ordered structures with high encapsulation efficiency for sustained release applications. ChemPlusChem, 2014, 79(5), 725-731.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201300434]
[10]
Grishkewich, N.; Mohammed, N.; Tang, J.; Tam, K.C. Recent advances in the application of cellulose nanocrystals. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., 2017, 29, 32-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2017.01.005]
[11]
Khan, A.; Wen, Y.; Huq, T.; Ni, Y. Cellulosic nanomaterials in food and nutraceutical applications: a review. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2018, 66(1), 8-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04204] [PMID: 29251504]
[12]
Dai, L.; Cheng, T.; Duan, C.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, W.; Zou, X.; Aspler, J.; Ni, Y. 3D printing using plant-derived cellulose and its derivatives: A review. Carbohydr. Polym., 2019, 203, 71-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.027] [PMID: 30318237]
[13]
Elazzouzi-Hafraoui, S.; Nishiyama, Y.; Putaux, J.L.; Heux, L.; Dubreuil, F.; Rochas, C. The shape and size distribution of crystalline nanoparticles prepared by acid hydrolysis of native cellulose. Biomacromolecules, 2008, 9(1), 57-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm700769p] [PMID: 18052127]
[14]
Li, X.; Liu, Y.; Yu, Y.; Chen, W.; Liu, Y.; Yu, H. Nanoformulations of quercetin and cellulose nanofibers as healthcare supplements with sustained antioxidant activity. Carbohydr. Polym., 2019, 207, 160-168.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.084] [PMID: 30599995]
[15]
Azarniya, A.; Eslahi, N.; Mahmoudi, N.; Simchi, A. Effect of graphene oxide nanosheets on the physico-mechanical properties of chitosan/bacterial cellulose nanofibrous composites. Compos., Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 2016, 85, 113-122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.03.011]
[16]
He, J.X.; Tan, W.L.; Han, Q.M.; Cui, S.Z.; Shao, W.; Sang, F. Fabrication of silk fibroin/cellulose whiskers-chitosan composite porous scaffolds by layer-by-layer assembly for application in bone tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci., 2016, 51(9), 4399-4410.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9752-7]
[17]
Wang, Y.; Uetani, K.; Liu, S.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Lu, P.; Wei, T.; Fan, Z.; Shen, J.; Yu, H. Multifunctional bionanocomposite foams with a chitosan matrix reinforced by nanofibrillated cellulose. ChemNanoMat, 2017, 3(2), 98-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201600266]
[18]
Ko, S.W.; Soriano, J.P.E.; Lee, J.Y.; Unnithan, A.R.; Park, C.H.; Kim, C.S. Nature derived scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: Design and fabrication of a composite scaffold incorporating chitosan-g-d,l-lactic acid and cellulose nanocrystals from Lactuca sativa L. cv green leaf. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2018, 110, 504-513.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.109] [PMID: 29054519]
[19]
Sampath, U.G.T.M.; Ching, Y.C.; Chuah, C.H.; Singh, R.; Lin, P.C. Preparation and characterization of nanocellulose reinforced semi-interpenetrating polymer network of chitosan hydrogel. Cellulose, 2017, 24(5), 2215-2228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1251-8]
[20]
Du, H.; Liu, W.; Zhang, M.; Si, C.; Zhang, X.; Li, B. Cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils based hydrogels for biomedical applications. Carbohydr. Polym., 2019, 209, 130-144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.020] [PMID: 30732792]
[21]
Fu, L-H.; Qi, C.; Ma, M-G.; Wan, P. Multifunctional cellulose-based hydrogels for biomedical applications. J. Mater. Chem. B Mater. Biol. Med., 2019, 7(10), 1541-1562.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8TB02331J] [PMID: 32254901]
[22]
Anitha, A.; Sowmya, S.; Kumar, P.T.S.; Deepthi, S.; Chennazhi, K.P.; Ehrlich, H.; Tsurkan, M.; Jayakumar, R. Chitin and chitosan in selected biomedical applications. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2014, 39(9), 1644-1667.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.02.008]
[23]
Shahabipour, F.; Banach, M.; Johnston, T.P.; Pirro, M.; Sahebkar, A. Novel approaches toward the generation of bioscaffolds as a potential therapy in cardiovascular tissue engineering. Int. J. Cardiol., 2017, 228, 319-326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.210] [PMID: 27866022]
[24]
Adekogbe, I.; Ghanem, A. Fabrication and characterization of DTBP-crosslinked chitosan scaffolds for skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(35), 7241-7250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.043] [PMID: 16011846]
[25]
Ma, L.; Gao, C.; Mao, Z.; Zhou, J.; Shen, J.; Hu, X.; Han, C. Collagen/chitosan porous scaffolds with improved biostability for skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2003, 24(26), 4833-4841.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00374-0] [PMID: 14530080]
[26]
Freyman, T.M.; Yannas, I.V.; Gibson, L.J. Cellular materials as porous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Prog. Mater. Sci., 2001, 46(3-4), 273-282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6425(00)00018-9]
[27]
Kanimozhi, K.; Khaleel Basha, S.; Sugantha Kumari, V.; Kaviyarasu, K.; Maaza, M. In vitro cytocompatibility of chitosan/PVA/methylcellulose - Nanocellulose nanocomposites scaffolds using L929 fibroblast cells. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2018, 449, 574-583.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.197]
[28]
Kawasaki, T.; Nakaji-Hirabayashi, T.; Masuyama, K.; Fujita, S.; Kitano, H. Complex film of chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 2016, 139, 95-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.056] [PMID: 26700238]
[29]
Li, Z.; Ramay, H.R.; Hauch, K.D.; Xiao, D.; Zhang, M. Chitosan-alginate hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(18), 3919-3928.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.062] [PMID: 15626439]
[30]
Li, G.; Nandgaonkar, A.G.; Habibi, Y.; Krause, W.E.; Wei, Q.; Lucia, L.A. An environmentally benign approach to achieving vectorial alignment and high microporosity in bacterial cellulose/chitosan scaffolds. RSC Advances, 2017, 7(23), 13678-13688.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6RA26049G]
[31]
Ridolfi, D.M.; Lemes, A.P.; de Oliveira, S.; Justo, G.Z.; Palladino, M.V.; Durán, N. Electrospun poly(ethylene oxide)/chitosan nanofibers with cellulose nanocrystals as support for cell culture of 3T3 fibroblasts. Cellulose, 2017, 24(8), 3353-3365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1362-2]
[32]
Yan, H.; Chen, X.; Feng, M.; Shi, Z.; Zhang, D.; Lin, Q. Layer-by-layer assembly of 3D alginate-chitosan-gelatin composite scaffold incorporating bacterial cellulose nanocrystals for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Lett., 2017, 209, 492-496.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.08.093]
[33]
Lee, H.; Kim, G. Cryogenically fabricated three-dimensional chitosan scaffolds with pore size-controlled structures for biomedical applications. Carbohydr. Polym., 2011, 85(4), 817-823.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.001]
[34]
Pinho, E.; Soares, G. Functionalization of cotton cellulose for improved wound healing. J. Mater. Chem. B Mater. Biol. Med., 2018, 6(13), 1887-1898.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8TB00052B] [PMID: 32254354]
[35]
Fan, L.; Yang, H.; Yang, J.; Peng, M.; Hu, J. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/gelatin/PVA hydrogel for wound dressings. Carbohydr. Polym., 2016, 146, 427-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.002] [PMID: 27112893]
[36]
Czaja, W.K.; Young, D.J.; Kawecki, M.; Brown, R.M., Jr The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8(1), 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm060620d] [PMID: 17206781]
[37]
Jayakumar, R.; Prabaharan, M.; Sudheesh Kumar, P.T.; Nair, S.V.; Tamura, H. Biomaterials based on chitin and chitosan in wound dressing applications. Biotechnol. Adv., 2011, 29(3), 322-337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.005] [PMID: 21262336]
[38]
Poonguzhali, R.; Basha, S.K.; Kumari, V.S. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-PVP-nanocellulose composites for in-vitro wound dressing application. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2017, 105(Pt 1), 111-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.006] [PMID: 28698076]
[39]
Haider, A.; Haider, S.; Kang, I.K.; Kumar, A.; Kummara, M.R.; Kamal, T.; Han, S.S. A novel use of cellulose based filter paper containing silver nanoparticles for its potential application as wound dressing agent. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2018, 108, 455-461.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.022] [PMID: 29222019]
[40]
Ardila, N.; Medina, N.; Arkoun, M.; Ajji, A.; Panchal, C.J. Chitosan - bacterial nanocellulose nanofibrous structures for potential wound dressing applications. Cellulose, 2016, 23(5), 3089-3104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1022-y]
[41]
Jia, Y.; Wang, X.; Huo, M.; Zhai, X.; Li, F.; Zhong, C. Preparation and characterization of a novel bacterial cellulose/chitosan bio-hydrogel. Nanomater. Nanotechnol., 2017, 7, 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847980417707172]
[42]
Nguyen, T.H.M.; Abueva, C.; Ho, H.V.; Lee, S.Y.; Lee, B.T. In vitro and in vivo acute response towards injectable thermosensitive chitosan/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. Carbohydr. Polym., 2018, 180, 246-255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.032] [PMID: 29103503]
[43]
Khan, A.; Salmieri, S.; Fraschini, C.; Bouchard, J.; Riedl, B.; Lacroix, M. Genipin cross-linked nanocomposite films for the immobilization of antimicrobial agent. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2014, 6(17), 15232-15242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am503564m] [PMID: 25140839]
[44]
Ciechanska, D. Multifunctional bacterial cellulose/chitosan composite materials for medical applications. Fibres Text. East. Eur., 2004, 12(4), 69-72.
[45]
Zhang, P.; Chen, L.; Zhang, Q.; Hong, F.F. Using in situ dynamic cultures to rapidly biofabricate fabric-reinforced composites of chitosan/bacterial nanocellulose for antibacterial wound dressings. Front. Microbiol., 2016, 7, 260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00260] [PMID: 26973634]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version506msRequest Duration28MBMemory UsageGET article/{article_id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[08:57:53] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $article_id declared before required parameter $request i...
  • warninglog[08:57:53] LOG.warning: trim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated ...
  • warninglog[08:57:53] LOG.warning: Function strftime() is deprecated in /home/alphaeurekaselec/public_html/stor...
  • Booting (139ms)time
  • Application (366ms)time
  • 1 x Application (72.45%)
    366ms
    1 x Booting (27.55%)
    139ms
    14 templates were rendered
    • articlearticle.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_top_bannerarticle_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_referencearticle_reference.blade.php#?blade
    • export_citation_formexport_citation_form.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_bottom_bannerarticle_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.journal_rightmenujournal_rightmenu.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.journal_right_bannerjournal_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET article/{article_id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ArticleController@GetArticleDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    article
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:1974-2510
    36 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 32 unique. Show only duplicated261ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('51322660','',1,1740473873,1740473873) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1740473873
      1.47msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('51322660','/article/103944',1,1740473873,1740473873)
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51322660 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51322660) limit 1
      18.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 51322660
      • 1: 51322660
      • 2: 51322660
      • 3: 51322660
      • 4: 51322660
      • 5: 51322660
      • 6: 51322660
      • 7: 51322660
      • 8: 51322660
      • 9: 51322660
      • 10: 51322660
      • 11: 51322660
      • 12: 51322660
      • 13: 51322660
      • 14: 51322660
      • 15: 51322660
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • SELECT at.type_name, p.copyright, p.publisher_location,m.month,y.year, a.publish_on, a.nid article_nid,a.article_id, a.pmid, a.issue_id, a.title, a.abstract,a.podcast,a.altmetric_score,a.altmetric_url,a.kudos_url, a.page_count, a.first_page, a.elocator, a.last_page, i.publication_date, a.file_name, a.file_path, a.doi, a.is_epub,a.epub_type, a.volume_id, a.is_uploaded, a.editor_choice, a.is_epub, j.image_file_name, a.article_no, a.art_type AS article_type, a.supplementary_filename,a.html_filename,a.prc_filename,a.epub_filename, a.graph_abs_lg_filename, a.graph_abs_sm_filename, a.oa_image_lg_filename, a.oa_image_sm_filename, j.journal_banner,a.animated_abstract,a.erratum_in,a.erratum_for, (CASE WHEN a.issue_id =0 THEN j.epub_price ELSE j.price END) AS sell_price, j.epub_price, j.nid AS jour_nid, j.title AS journal_title, j.issn, j.eissn,j.journal_id, j.subtitle AS jour_subtitle, v.volume_id,v.volume_name AS volume, v.year_id, i.title AS issue, i.month_id ,i.type issue_type, j.subtitle,j.formerly_title, ac.subtitle AS epub_title,a.crossmark_enabled,a.text_mining_urls,a.license_urls,a.created, a.receivedate, a.revisedate, a.acceptdate,js.js_title FROM article a LEFT JOIN article_section ac ON a.is_epub = ac.art_sec_id LEFT JOIN journal_section js ON a.js_id = js.js_id LEFT JOIN article_type at ON a.art_type = at.art_type_id LEFT JOIN issue i ON a.issue_id = i.issue_id LEFT JOIN month m ON m.id = i.month_id LEFT JOIN volume v ON v.volume_id = a.volume_id INNER JOIN year y ON y.id = v.year_id INNER JOIN journal j ON j.journal_id = a.journal_id INNER JOIN publisher p ON p.publisher_id = j.publisher_id WHERE a.article_id=103944
      1.22msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#408
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:408
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2515
      • 13. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `journal` where `journal_id` = 25 limit 1
      1.22msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Journal.php#64
      Bindings
      • 0: 25
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Journal.php:64
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2516
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select count(*) as aggregate from (select j.nid as journal_nid,j.flyer_link,j.title ,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword, j.journal_id as journal_id, j.subtitle, j.image_file_name,j.description,j.journal_insight_url,j.doi from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where j.journal_status=1 and subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=25) and sj.journal_id!=25 group by `j`.`nid`) as `aggregate_table`
      2.16msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#200
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:200
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2517
      • 18. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select j.nid as journal_nid,j.flyer_link,j.title ,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword, j.journal_id as journal_id, j.subtitle, j.image_file_name,j.description,j.journal_insight_url,j.doi from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where j.journal_status=1 and subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=25) and sj.journal_id!=25 group by `j`.`nid` order by `j`.`journal_id` asc limit 10 offset 0
      1.8msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#200
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:200
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2517
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select count(*) as aggregate from (select v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `v`.`year_id` where subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=25) and v.ebook_status='1' and y.year > 2020 group by `v`.`nid`) as `aggregate_table`
      5.62msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#220
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:220
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2518
      • 18. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `v`.`year_id` where subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=25) and v.ebook_status='1' and y.year > 2020 group by `v`.`nid` order by `v`.`ebook_volume_id` desc limit 10 offset 0
      5.93msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#220
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:220
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2518
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `keywords` where `article_id` = '103944'
      1.62msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Keywords.php#43
      Bindings
      • 0: 103944
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Keywords.php:43
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2519
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `article_citation` where `article_id` = '103944'
      2.64msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1570
      Bindings
      • 0: 103944
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1570
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2520
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`article_id` = '103944' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      18.69msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 103944
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2533
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      420μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2535
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `subtitle` from `journal` where `continues_publication_journal` = 1
      760μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1960
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1960
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2062
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • Select j.subtitle, v.volume_id as volume_id,v.year_id,y.year as year,v.volume_name, v.total_no_of_issues, i.issue_id as issue_id,i.title as issue, i.publication_date as issue_pub_date from journal j join volume v on j.journal_id = v.journal_id join issue i on v.volume_id = i.volume_id join article a on a.issue_id = i.issue_id join year y on v.year_id = y.id where j.journal_id = 25 and i.is_uploaded = 1 order by v.volume_name+0 desc, i.title+0 desc limit 1
      71.97msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Issue.php#298
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Issue.php:298
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2068
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 1 and a.journal_id = 25 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      67.57msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2070
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 4 and a.journal_id = 25 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      46.02msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2071
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select pdf, html, epub, prc from `article_metrics` where `article_id` = 103944 limit 1
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#744
      Bindings
      • 0: 103944
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:744
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2091
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from content_by_diseases where content_id = 103944 and content_type = 'article' order by status desc limit 1
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#751
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:751
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2094
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `node_meta` where `nid` = 178677 limit 1
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Meta.php#30
      Bindings
      • 0: 178677
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Meta.php:30
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2101
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2108
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `tbl_ht_submission` as `h` where `h`.`subtitle` = 'CMC' and (h.proposal_closing_date = 0 OR TO_DAYS(FROM_UNIXTIME(h.proposal_closing_date)) >= TO_DAYS(NOW())) order by `h`.`manuscript` asc
      420μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#2025
      Bindings
      • 0: CMC
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:2025
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2112
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '103944' and content_type = 'a' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      440μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2186
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '9940' and content_type = 'i' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      390μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2207
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '2698' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      390μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2231
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51322660 and j.to_ip >=51322660 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473873 and j.to_date >= 1740473873 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2698) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51322660 and j.to_ip >=51322660 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473873 and j.to_date >= 1740473873 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2698) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51322660 and j.to_ip >=51322660 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473873 and j.to_date >= 1740473873 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2698)
      2.02msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2272
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51322660 and j.to_ip >=51322660 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473873 and j.to_date >= 1740473873 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 9940) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51322660 and j.to_ip >=51322660 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473873 and j.to_date >= 1740473873 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 9940) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51322660 and j.to_ip >=51322660 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473873 and j.to_date >= 1740473873 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 9940)
      800μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2297
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51322660 and j.to_ip >=51322660 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473873 and j.to_date >= 1740473873 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 103944) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51322660 and j.to_ip >=51322660 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473873 and j.to_date >= 1740473873 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 103944) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51322660 and j.to_ip >=51322660 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473873 and j.to_date >= 1740473873 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 103944)
      830μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2329
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `first_page` < '4584' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 9940 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) desc limit 1
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1819
      Bindings
      • 0: 4584
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1819
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2470
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `last_page` > '4592' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 9940 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) asc limit 1
      490μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1831
      Bindings
      • 0: 4592
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1831
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2472
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `language_id` from `multilanguage` where `short_code` = 'en'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2497
      Bindings
      • 0: en
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2497
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select `source_lang_label`, `target_lang_label` from `multilanguage_labels` where `target_lang_id` = 1
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022MultiLanguage.php#23
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/MultiLanguage.php:23
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2498
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `id` from `multilanguage_article` where `article_id` = 103944 limit 1
      1.93msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2506
      Bindings
      • 0: 103944
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2506
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 25 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740473873 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740473873 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.55msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 25
      • 3: 1740473873
      • 4: 1740473873
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 25 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740473873 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740473873 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 25
      • 3: 1740473873
      • 4: 1740473873
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='a724a229d24337b3f36b63dc912e9152'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\MultiLanguage
    1MultiLanguage.php#?
    App\Models\MultiLangArticle
    1MultiLangArticle.php#?
        _token
        ExiH4XNNJRXmsyNcGCntZElnJsVt0MPjs2GBitqB
        uc_cart_id
        a724a229d24337b3f36b63dc912e9152
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/103944" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /article/103944
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:9 [ "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjFGTjJxQUNnSmtOdSt1VHgyeWpUblE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTzRLTzVMZ3ZvTUI1OGVmYkE1ZGVMM3ZHUjFLNVVoWHpZcWg0RnV2em9rZz0iLCJtYWMiOiI1NTU2OTMxZmQzMTYwNGE0Mzc5NjBlMjZkMDM2Zjk3Y2I2YWMzNWRlYTBlNTRmOTA3NDU3ZTA3ODQ3N2QyNGZlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjFGTjJxQUNnSmtOdSt1VHgyeWpUblE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTzRLTzVMZ3ZvTUI1OGVmYkE1ZGVMM3ZHUjFLNVVoWHpZcWg0RnV2em9rZz0iLCJtYWMiOiI1NTU2OTMxZmQzMTYw" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 08:57:53 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjkxWEVjMldKSTBJemlYUFZXMUl3Nmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaGlDZVRlckZWQjNEN1BJKy9HK3kweTFSaWJHc0xaTnh3dnlJVUpVUTJCNWRlWGpKUFc5a3QzZ1l6eFkwOUtvNjBNdlBtZE5oWnVOSS8xZm9HUWZoYlBXVWFDYTE4cWxuVVY4WWs3VUxidjIvbVQwNUlPcHhOdFJHeERBTWF3UUIiLCJtYWMiOiJlOTVhYTk0OTg4ZWQxMzkwMDkxMzVjNjJhN2U4Y2JmY2JiNTQ3MzU0ZTM4ZTZlYmI1YjkxZTQxZjkzYjdiZDA1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 20:57:53 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjkxWEVjMldKSTBJemlYUFZXMUl3Nmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaGlDZVRlckZWQjNEN1BJKy9HK3kweTFSaWJHc0xaTnh3dnlJVUpVUTJCNWRlWGpKUFc5a3QzZ1l6eFkwOUtvNjBNdlBtZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ikpzc0NEL2tmeW9rM1hkN25TczE3L2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNG5LUEE2VFdDa0dnd1ZhYjBxL2tyUkxhR2lDWlZQVmtseHZiMm1FSmlsZHFueEZTeDJrT1ZVOERCakRIam9RUExkSU5ydjRUR25WZUJBTWRxUHlMaFdtRUNibk9jZDNXeXFzeXZvUlZLNEhsN09RcDI2U01JV1hxSWpDN09qbEEiLCJtYWMiOiJiYmQzZjk3NTEzNmYwNDNlZjg3ZTkwYzYwZTcxOWVmNzRkYmIwM2NhZTQ5ZGU1ODkwZDc4ZmM1ZjQxZGU4ODdiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ikpzc0NEL2tmeW9rM1hkN25TczE3L2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNG5LUEE2VFdDa0dnd1ZhYjBxL2tyUkxhR2lDWlZQVmtseHZiMm1FSmlsZHFueEZTeDJrT1ZVOER" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjkxWEVjMldKSTBJemlYUFZXMUl3Nmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaGlDZVRlckZWQjNEN1BJKy9HK3kweTFSaWJHc0xaTnh3dnlJVUpVUTJCNWRlWGpKUFc5a3QzZ1l6eFkwOUtvNjBNdlBtZE5oWnVOSS8xZm9HUWZoYlBXVWFDYTE4cWxuVVY4WWs3VUxidjIvbVQwNUlPcHhOdFJHeERBTWF3UUIiLCJtYWMiOiJlOTVhYTk0OTg4ZWQxMzkwMDkxMzVjNjJhN2U4Y2JmY2JiNTQ3MzU0ZTM4ZTZlYmI1YjkxZTQxZjkzYjdiZDA1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 20:57:53 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjkxWEVjMldKSTBJemlYUFZXMUl3Nmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaGlDZVRlckZWQjNEN1BJKy9HK3kweTFSaWJHc0xaTnh3dnlJVUpVUTJCNWRlWGpKUFc5a3QzZ1l6eFkwOUtvNjBNdlBtZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ikpzc0NEL2tmeW9rM1hkN25TczE3L2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNG5LUEE2VFdDa0dnd1ZhYjBxL2tyUkxhR2lDWlZQVmtseHZiMm1FSmlsZHFueEZTeDJrT1ZVOERCakRIam9RUExkSU5ydjRUR25WZUJBTWRxUHlMaFdtRUNibk9jZDNXeXFzeXZvUlZLNEhsN09RcDI2U01JV1hxSWpDN09qbEEiLCJtYWMiOiJiYmQzZjk3NTEzNmYwNDNlZjg3ZTkwYzYwZTcxOWVmNzRkYmIwM2NhZTQ5ZGU1ODkwZDc4ZmM1ZjQxZGU4ODdiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ikpzc0NEL2tmeW9rM1hkN25TczE3L2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNG5LUEE2VFdDa0dnd1ZhYjBxL2tyUkxhR2lDWlZQVmtseHZiMm1FSmlsZHFueEZTeDJrT1ZVOER" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "ExiH4XNNJRXmsyNcGCntZElnJsVt0MPjs2GBitqB" "uc_cart_id" => "a724a229d24337b3f36b63dc912e9152" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/103944" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 08:57:53GET/article/103944314362