Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Therapeutic Strategies for Treatment-resistant Depression: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

Author(s): Kah K. Goh, Shen-Chieh Chang, Chun-Hsin Chen and Mong-Liang Lu*

Volume 26, Issue 2, 2020

Page: [244 - 252] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200110101604

Price: $65

Abstract

In this narrative review, we intended to summarize the evidence of pharmacological and somatic treatment choices for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). There are several types of therapeutic strategies to improve inadequate response to antidepressant treatment. The first step for patients with TRD is to optimize the dosage and duration of antidepressants as well as to ensure their drug compliance. The shift to antidepressant and antidepressant combination therapy for patients with TRD cannot be regarded as an evidence-based strategy. Only the combination of a monoamine reuptake inhibitor with a presynaptic α2-autoreceptor antagonist might have better efficacy than other antidepressant combinations. Currently, the most evidence-based treatment options for TRD are augmentation strategies. Among augmentative agents, second-generation antipsychotics and lithium have the strongest evidence for the management of TRD. Further studies are needed to evaluate the augmentative efficacy of anticonvulsants, thyroid hormone, glutamatergic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and nutraceuticals for TRD. Among somatic therapies, electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation are effective for TRD. Further studies are warranted to provide clinicians with a better recommendation in making treatment choices in patients with TRD.

Keywords: Treatment-resistant depression, antidepressant, antipsychotics, lithium, anticonvulsant, brain stimulation, nutraceutical.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Michaud CM, Murray CJ, Bloom BR. Burden of disease-implications for future research. JAMA 2001; 285(5): 535-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.5.535] [PMID: 11176854]
[2]
König H, König HH, Konnopka A. The excess costs of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2019; 29, e30
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000180] [PMID: 30947759]
[3]
Johnston KM, Powell LC, Anderson IM, Szabo S, Cline S. The burden of treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review of the economic and quality of life literature. J Affect Disord 2019; 242: 195-210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.045] [PMID: 30195173]
[4]
Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 2018; 391(10128): 1357-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7] [PMID: 29477251]
[5]
Al-Harbi KS. Treatment-resistant depression: therapeutic trends, challenges, and future directions. Patient Prefer Adherence 2012; 6: 369-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S29716] [PMID: 22654508]
[6]
Fava M, Davidson KG. Definition and epidemiology of treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1996; 19(2): 179-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70283-5] [PMID: 8827185]
[7]
Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163(11): 1905-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905] [PMID: 17074942]
[8]
Russell JM, Hawkins K, Ozminkowski RJ, et al. The cost consequences of treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65(3): 341-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v65n0309] [PMID: 15096073]
[9]
Mrazek DA, Hornberger JC, Altar CA, Degtiar I. A review of the clinical, economic, and societal burden of treatment-resistant depression: 1996-2013. Psychiatr Serv 2014; 65(8): 977-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300059] [PMID: 24789696]
[10]
Bergfeld IO, Mantione M, Figee M, Schuurman PR, Lok A, Denys D. Treatment-resistant depression and suicidality. J Affect Disord 2018; 235: 362-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.016] [PMID: 29665520]
[11]
Berlim MT, Turecki G. What is the meaning of treatment resistant/refractory major depression (TRD)? A systematic review of current randomized trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 17(11): 696-707.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.03.009] [PMID: 17521891]
[12]
Berlim MT, Turecki G. Definition, assessment, and staging of treatment-resistant refractory major depression: a review of current concepts and methods. Can J Psychiatry 2007; 52(1): 46-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200108] [PMID: 17444078]
[13]
Kautzky A, Dold M, Bartova L, et al. Clinical factors predicting treatment resistant depression: affirmative results from the European multicenter study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139(1): 78-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12959] [PMID: 30291625]
[14]
Bennabi D, Aouizerate B, El-Hage W, et al. Risk factors for treatment resistance in unipolar depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2015; 171: 137-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.020] [PMID: 25305428]
[15]
Haroon E, Daguanno AW, Woolwine BJ, et al. Antidepressant treatment resistance is associated with increased inflammatory markers in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 95: 43-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.026] [PMID: 29800779]
[16]
Huang X, Huang X, Zhou Y, et al. Association of serum BDNF levels with psychotic symptom in chronic patients with treatment-resistant depression in a Chinese Han population. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257: 279-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.076] [PMID: 28783576]
[17]
Schosser A, Carlberg L, Calati R, et al. The impact of BDNF Polymorphisms on suicidality in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: a European multicenter study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20(10): 782-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx028] [PMID: 28977521]
[18]
Zhang C, Li Z, Wu Z, et al. A study of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor gene (GRIN2B) variants as predictors of treatment-resistant major depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231(4): 685-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3297-0] [PMID: 24114429]
[19]
Schosser A, Serretti A, Souery D, et al. European group for the study of resistant depression (GSRD)-where have we gone so far: review of clinical and genetic findings. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22(7): 453-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.02.006] [PMID: 22464339]
[20]
Amick HR, Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, et al. Comparative benefits and harms of second generation antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapies in initial treatment of major depressive disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2015; 351: h6019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h6019] [PMID: 26645251]
[21]
Ijaz S, Davies P, Williams CJ, Kessler D, Lewis G, Wiles N. Psychological therapies for treatment-resistant depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 5CD010558.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010558.pub2] [PMID: 29761488]
[22]
Trivedi RB, Nieuwsma JA, Williams JW Jr. Examination of the utility of psychotherapy for patients with treatment resistant depression: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med 2011; 26(6): 643-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1608-2] [PMID: 21184287]
[23]
Park LT, Zarate CA Jr. Depression in the primary care setting. N Engl J Med 2019; 380(6): 559-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1712493] [PMID: 30726688]
[24]
Levinstein MR, Samuels BA. Mechanisms underlying the antidepressant response and treatment resistance. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8: 208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00208] [PMID: 25018708]
[25]
Nierenberg AA, Amsterdam JD. Treatment-resistant depression: definition and treatment approaches. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51(Suppl.): 39-47.
[PMID: 2112132]
[26]
Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, Cowen PJ, Leucht S, Egger M, Salanti G. Optimal dose of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, venlafaxine, and mirtazapine in major depression: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2019; 6(7): 601-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30217-2] [PMID: 31178367]
[27]
Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Members of the consensus meeting. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British association for psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford) 2015; 29(5): 459-525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881115581093] [PMID: 25969470]
[28]
Fiaturi N, Greenblatt DJ. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antidepressants. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 250: 115-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/164_2018_161] [PMID: 30194543]
[29]
Jakubovski E, Varigonda AL, Freemantle N, Taylor MJ, Bloch MH. Systematic review and meta-analysis: dose-response relationship of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2016; 173(2): 174-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030331] [PMID: 26552940]
[30]
Rink L, Braun C, Bschor T, Henssler J, Franklin J, Baethge C. Dose increase versus unchanged continuation of antidepressants after initial antidepressant treatment failure in patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2018; 79(3): 79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17r11693] [PMID: 29873954]
[31]
Hiemke C, Bergemann N, Clement HW, et al. Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology: update 2017. Pharmacopsychiatry 2018; 51(1-2): 9-62.
[PMID: 28910830]
[32]
Ostad Haji E, Hiemke C, Pfuhlmann B. Therapeutic drug monitoring for antidepressant drug treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18(36): 5818-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212803523699] [PMID: 22681162]
[33]
Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. STAR*D study team. Bupropion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 2006; 354(12): 1231-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052963] [PMID: 16554525]
[34]
Gaynes BN, Warden D, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Fava M, Rush AJ. What did STAR*D teach us? Results from a large-scale, practical, clinical trial for patients with depression. Psychiatr Serv 2009; 60(11): 1439-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.11.1439] [PMID: 19880458]
[35]
Bschor T, Baethge C. No evidence for switching the antidepressant: systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs of a common therapeutic strategy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121(3): 174-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01458.x] [PMID: 19703121]
[36]
Bschor T, Kern H, Henssler J, Baethge C. Switching the antidepressant after nonresponse in adults with major depression: a systematic literature search and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2018; 79(1): 79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16r10749] [PMID: 27929611]
[37]
Henssler J, Bschor T, Baethge C. Combining antidepressants in acute treatment of depression: a meta-analysis of 38 studies including 4511 patients. Can J Psychiatry 2016; 61(1): 29-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743715620411] [PMID: 27582451]
[38]
Lopes Rocha F, Fuzikawa C, Riera R, Ramos MG, Hara C. Antidepressant combination for major depression in incomplete responders-a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2013; 144(1-2): 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.048] [PMID: 22835845]
[39]
Nelson JC, Papakostas GI. Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166(9): 980-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030312] [PMID: 19687129]
[40]
Kato M, Chang CM. Augmentation treatments with second-generation antipsychotics to antidepressants in treatment-resistant depression. CNS Drugs 2013; 27(Suppl. 1): S11-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-012-0029-7] [PMID: 23709358]
[41]
Zhou X, Keitner GI, Qin B, et al. Atypical antipsychotic augmentation for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18(11), pyv060
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyv060] [PMID: 26012350]
[42]
Wijkstra J, Lijmer J, Burger H, Cipriani A, Geddes J, Nolen WA. Pharmacological treatment for psychotic depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (7): , CD004044
[PMID: 26225902]
[43]
Nelson JC, Baumann P, Delucchi K, Joffe R, Katona C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of lithium augmentation of tricyclic and second generation antidepressants in major depression. J Affect Disord 2014; 168: 269-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.053] [PMID: 25069082]
[44]
Bauer M, Adli M, Ricken R, Severus E, Pilhatsch M. Role of lithium augmentation in the management of major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs 2014; 28(4): 331-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0152-8] [PMID: 24590663]
[45]
Undurraga J, Sim K, Tondo L, et al. Lithium treatment for unipolar major depressive disorder: systematic review. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford) 2019; 33(2): 167-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118822161] [PMID: 30698058]
[46]
Zhou X, Ravindran AV, Qin B, et al. Comparative efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of augmentation agents in treatment-resistant depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2015; 76(4): e487-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14r09204] [PMID: 25919841]
[47]
Bauer M, Adli M, Bschor T, et al. Lithium’s emerging role in the treatment of refractory major depressive episodes: augmentation of antidepressants. Neuropsychobiology 2010; 62(1): 36-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000314308] [PMID: 20453533]
[48]
Edwards SJ, Hamilton V, Nherera L, Trevor N. Lithium or an atypical antipsychotic drug in the management of treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2013; 17(54): 1-190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta17540] [PMID: 24284258]
[49]
Gitlin M. Lithium side effects and toxicity: prevalence and management strategies. Int J Bipolar Disord 2016; 4(1): 27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40345-016-0068-y] [PMID: 27900734]
[50]
Dold M, Bartova L, Kautzky A, et al. Clinical factors associated with augmentation treatment with second-generation antipsychotics and lithium in major depression - results from a European multicenter study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28(12): 1305-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.10.003] [PMID: 30446357]
[51]
Bschor T, Kilarski LL. Are antidepressants effective? A debate on their efficacy for the treatment of major depression in adults. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16(4): 367-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2016.1155985] [PMID: 26891111]
[52]
Smith KA, Cipriani A. Lithium and suicide in mood disorders: updated meta-review of the scientific literature. Bipolar Disord 2017; 19(7): 575-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12543] [PMID: 28895269]
[53]
Ciusani E, Zullino DF, Eap CB, Brawand-Amey M, Brocard M, Baumann P. Combination therapy with venlafaxine and carbamazepine in depressive patients not responding to venlafaxine: pharmacokinetic and clinical aspects. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford) 2004; 18(4): 559-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881104047284] [PMID: 15582923]
[54]
Schüle C, Baghai TC, Eser D, Nothdurfter C, Rupprecht R. Lithium but not carbamazepine augments antidepressant efficacy of mirtazapine in unipolar depression: an open-label study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2009; 10(4 Pt. 2): 390-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622970701849978] [PMID: 18609420]
[55]
Ghabrash MF, Comai S, Tabaka J, Saint-Laurent M, Booij L, Gobbi G. Valproate augmentation in a subgroup of patients with treatment-resistant unipolar depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17(2): 165-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2015.1073856] [PMID: 26444701]
[56]
Fang Y, Yuan C, Xu Y, et al. OPERATION Study Team. A pilot study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine augmented with risperidone, valproate, buspirone, trazodone, or thyroid hormone in adult Chinese patients with treatment-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 31(5): 638-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31822bb1d9] [PMID: 21869688]
[57]
Ostadhadi S, Ahangari M, Nikoui V, et al. Pharmacological evidence for the involvement of the NMDA receptor and nitric oxide pathway in the antidepressant-like effect of lamotrigine in the mouse forced swimming test. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82: 713-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.035] [PMID: 27470415]
[58]
Goh KK, Chen CH, Chiu YH, Lu ML. Lamotrigine augmentation in treatment-resistant unipolar depression: a comprehensive meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford) 2019; 33(6): 700-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119844199] [PMID: 31081449]
[59]
Kagawa S, Mihara K, Nakamura A, et al. Relationship between plasma concentrations of lamotrigine and its early therapeutic effect of lamotrigine augmentation therapy in treatment-resistant depressive disorder. Ther Drug Monit 2014; 36(6): 730-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000088] [PMID: 24819973]
[60]
Anderson GW. Thyroid hormones and the brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2001; 22(1): 1-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/frne.2000.0208] [PMID: 11141316]
[61]
Min W, Liu C, Yang Y, et al. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/thyroid (HPA/HPT) axes correlated with the clinical manifestations of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39(1): 206-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.017] [PMID: 22750689]
[62]
Tang R, Wang J, Yang L, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10: 340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00340] [PMID: 31214119]
[63]
Loh HH, Lim LL, Yee A, Loh HS. Association between subclinical hypothyroidism and depression: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19(1): 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-2006-2] [PMID: 30621645]
[64]
Prange AJ Jr, Wilson IC, Rabon AM, Lipton MA. Enhancement of imipramine antidepressant activity by thyroid hormone. Am J Psychiatry 1969; 126(4): 457-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.126.4.457] [PMID: 4185164]
[65]
Nierenberg AA, Fava M, Trivedi MH, et al. A comparison of lithium and T(3) augmentation following two failed medication treatments for depression: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163(9): 1519-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1519] [PMID: 16946176]
[66]
Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, et al. American thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid 2014; 24(12): 1670-751.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/thy.2014.0028] [PMID: 25266247]
[67]
Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, et al. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47(4): 351-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00230-9] [PMID: 10686270]
[68]
Kishimoto T, Chawla JM, Hagi K, et al. Single-dose infusion ketamine and non-ketamine N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists for unipolar and bipolar depression: a meta-analysis of efficacy, safety and time trajectories. Psychol Med 2016; 46(7): 1459-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716000064] [PMID: 26867988]
[69]
Kishi T, Matsunaga S, Iwata N. A meta-analysis of memantine for depression. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57(1): 113-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161251] [PMID: 28222534]
[70]
Zheng W, Zhu XM, Zhang QE, et al. Adjunctive memantine for major mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials. Schizophr Res 2019; 209: 12-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.019] [PMID: 31164254]
[71]
Huang YJ, Lane HY, Lin CH. New treatment strategies of depression: based on mechanisms related to neuroplasticity. Neural Plast 2017; 2017, 4605971
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4605971] [PMID: 28491480]
[72]
Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Gelfin Y, et al. Controlled trial of D-cycloserine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2006; 93(1-3): 239-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.03.004] [PMID: 16677714]
[73]
Heresco-Levy U, Gelfin G, Bloch B, et al. A randomized add-on trial of high-dose D-cycloserine for treatment-resistant depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16(3): 501-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145712000910] [PMID: 23174090]
[74]
Huang CC, Wei IH, Huang CL, et al. Inhibition of glycine transporter-I as a novel mechanism for the treatment of depression. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74(10): 734-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.020] [PMID: 23562005]
[75]
Moskal JR, Burgdorf JS, Stanton PK, et al. The development of rapastinel (Formerly GLYX-13); a rapid acting and long lasting antidepressant. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15(1): 47-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X14666160321122703] [PMID: 26997507]
[76]
Donello JE, Banerjee P, Li YX, et al. Positive N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulation by rapastinel promotes rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22(3): 247-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy101] [PMID: 30544218]
[77]
Preskorn S, Macaluso M, Mehra DO, Zammit G, Moskal JR, Burch RM. GLYX-13 clinical study group. Randomized proof of concept trial of GLYX-13, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor glycine site partial agonist, in major depressive disorder nonresponsive to a previous antidepressant agent. J Psychiatr Pract 2015; 21(2): 140-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000462606.17725.93] [PMID: 25782764]
[78]
Köhler-Forsberg O, Cusin C, Nierenberg AA. Evolving issues in the treatment of depression. JAMA 2019; 321(24): 2401-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.4990] [PMID: 31125042]
[79]
Nagele P, Duma A, Kopec M, et al. Nitrous oxide for treatment-resistant major depression: a proof-of-concept trial. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78(1): 10-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.016] [PMID: 25577164]
[80]
van Amsterdam J, Nabben T, van den Brink W. Recreational nitrous oxide use: prevalence and risks. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73(3): 790-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.017] [PMID: 26496821]
[81]
Miller AH, Raison CL. The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16(1): 22-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri.2015.5] [PMID: 26711676]
[82]
Carvalho LA, Torre JP, Papadopoulos AS, et al. Lack of clinical therapeutic benefit of antidepressants is associated overall activation of the inflammatory system. J Affect Disord 2013; 148(1): 136-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.036] [PMID: 23200297]
[83]
Strawbridge R, Arnone D, Danese A, Papadopoulos A, Herane Vives A, Cleare AJ. Inflammation and clinical response to treatment in depression: a meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25(10): 1532-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.06.007] [PMID: 26169573]
[84]
Kopschina Feltes P, Doorduin J, Klein HC, et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment for major depressive disorder: implications for patients with an elevated immune profile and non-responders to standard antidepressant therapy. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford) 2017; 31(9): 1149-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117711708] [PMID: 28653857]
[85]
Köhler-Forsberg ON, Lydholm C, Hjorthøj C, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Benros ME. Efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatment on major depressive disorder or depressive symptoms: meta-analysis of clinical trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139(5): 404-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.13016] [PMID: 30834514]
[86]
Husain MI, Strawbridge R, Stokes PR, Young AH. Anti-inflammatory treatments for mood disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford) 2017; 31(9): 1137-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117725711] [PMID: 28858537]
[87]
Na KS, Lee KJ, Lee JS, Cho YS, Jung HY. Efficacy of adjunctive celecoxib treatment for patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48: 79-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.006] [PMID: 24056287]
[88]
Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS. Efficacy and tolerability of minocycline for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. J Affect Disord 2018; 227: 219-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.042] [PMID: 29102836]
[89]
De Berardis D, Orsolini L, Serroni N, et al. A comprehensive review on the efficacy of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine in major depressive disorder. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2016; 15(1): 35-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527314666150821103825] [PMID: 26295824]
[90]
Galizia I, Oldani L, Macritchie K, et al. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10, CD011286
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011286.pub2] [PMID: 27727432]
[91]
Bender A, Hagan KE, Kingston N. The association of folate and depression: a meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 95: 9-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.019] [PMID: 28759846]
[92]
Schefft C, Kilarski LL, Bschor T, Köhler S. Efficacy of adding nutritional supplements in unipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27(11): 1090-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.07.004] [PMID: 28988944]
[93]
Sarris J, Murphy J, Mischoulon D, et al. Adjunctive nutraceuticals for depression: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Psychiatry 2016; 173(6): 575-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091228] [PMID: 27113121]
[94]
Papakostas GI, Shelton RC, Zajecka JM, et al. L-methylfolate as adjunctive therapy for SSRI-resistant major depression: results of two randomized, double-blind, parallel-sequential trials. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169(12): 1267-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071114] [PMID: 23212058]
[95]
Roberts E, Carter B, Young AH. Caveat emptor: folate in unipolar depressive illness, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford) 2018; 32(4): 377-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118756060] [PMID: 29442609]
[96]
Yang Y, Kim Y, Je Y. Fish consumption and risk of depression: epidemiological evidence from prospective studies. Asia-Pac Psychiatry 2018; 10(4), e12335
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/appy.12335] [PMID: 30238628]
[97]
Grosso G, Micek A, Marventano S, et al. Dietary n-3 PUFA, fish consumption and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Affect Disord 2016; 205: 269-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.011] [PMID: 27544316]
[98]
Hallahan B, Ryan T, Hibbeln JR, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of depression. Br J Psychiatry 2016; 209(3): 192-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160242] [PMID: 27103682]
[99]
Dome P, Tombor L, Lazary J, Gonda X, Rihmer Z. Natural health products, dietary minerals and over-the-counter medications as add-on therapies to antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a review. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146: 51-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.015] [PMID: 30599219]
[100]
Anglin RE, Samaan Z, Walter SD, McDonald SD. Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2013; 202: 100-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.106666] [PMID: 23377209]
[101]
Shaffer JA, Edmondson D, Wasson LT, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med 2014; 76(3): 190-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000044] [PMID: 24632894]
[102]
Husain SS, Kevan IM, Linnell R, Scott AI. What do psychiatrists mean by medication resistance as an indication for electroconvulsive therapy? J ECT 2005; 21(4): 211-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yct.0000179006.36132.a3] [PMID: 16301879]
[103]
Jiang J, Wang J, Li C. Potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33(3): 339-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12264-016-0094-x] [PMID: 28032314]
[104]
Song GM, Tian X, Shuai T, et al. Treatment of adults with treatment-resistant depression: electroconvulsive therapy plus antidepressant or electroconvulsive therapy alone? Evidence from an indirect comparison meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94(26), e1052
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001052] [PMID: 26131818]
[105]
van Diermen L, van den Ameele S, Kamperman AM, et al. Prediction of electroconvulsive therapy response and remission in major depression: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 212(2): 71-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2017.28] [PMID: 29436330]
[106]
Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH, et al. Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285(10): 1299-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.10.1299] [PMID: 11255384]
[107]
Jelovac A, Kolshus E, McLoughlin DM. Relapse following successful electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38(12): 2467-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.149] [PMID: 23774532]
[108]
Rasmussen KG. Lithium for post-electroconvulsive therapy depressive relapse prevention: a consideration of the evidence. J ECT 2015; 31(2): 87-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0000000000000203] [PMID: 25551481]
[109]
Brus O, Cao Y, Hammar Å, et al. Lithium for suicide and readmission prevention after electroconvulsive therapy for unipolar depression: population-based register study. BJPsych Open 2019; 5(3), e46
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.37] [PMID: 31189487]
[110]
Mutz J, Vipulananthan V, Carter B, Hurlemann R, Fu CHY, Young AH. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of non-surgical brain stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes in adults: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2019; 364: l1079.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1079] [PMID: 30917990]
[111]
Borckardt JJ, Nahas ZH, Teal J, et al. The painfulness of active, but not sham, transcranial magnetic stimulation decreases rapidly over time: results from the double-blind phase of the OPT-TMS Trial. Brain Stimul 2013; 6(6): 925-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2013.04.009] [PMID: 23769413]
[112]
Serafini G, Pompili M, Belvederi Murri M, et al. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive performance in treatment-resistant depression. A systematic review. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 71(3): 125-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381351] [PMID: 25925699]
[113]
Milev RV, Giacobbe P, Kennedy SH, et al. CANMAT depression work group. Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the Management of adults with major depressive disorder: section 4. Neurostimulation Treatments. Can J Psychiatry 2016; 61(9): 561-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743716660033] [PMID: 27486154]
[114]
Wang Y. Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Res 2019; 276: 186-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.012] [PMID: 31100509]
[115]
Matsumoto H, Ugawa Y. Adverse events of tDCS and tACS: a review. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2016; 2: 19-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2016.12.003] [PMID: 30214966]
[116]
Martin DM, Moffa A, Nikolin S, et al. Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in patients with major depressive disorder: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised, sham-controlled trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90: 137-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.008] [PMID: 29660416]
[117]
Antal A, Alekseichuk I, Bikson M, et al. Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128(9): 1774-809.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.001] [PMID: 28709880]
[118]
Zhou C, Zhang H, Qin Y, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82: 224-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.012] [PMID: 29146474]
[119]
Holtzheimer PE, Husain MM, Lisanby SH, et al. Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a multisite, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4(11): 839-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30371-1] [PMID: 28988904]
[120]
Kirsch DL, Nichols F. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for treatment of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2013; 36(1): 169-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2013.01.006] [PMID: 23538086]
[121]
Wu C, Liu P, Fu H, et al. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in treating major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97(52), e13845
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000013845] [PMID: 30593183]
[122]
McGirr A, Berlim MT. Clinical usefulness of therapeutic neuromodulation for major depression: a systematic meta-review of recent meta-analyses. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2018; 41(3): 485-503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.04.009] [PMID: 30098660]
[123]
Berry SM, Broglio K, Bunker M, Jayewardene A, Olin B, Rush AJ. A patient-level meta-analysis of studies evaluating vagus nerve stimulation therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Med Devices (Auckl) 2013; 6: 17-35.
[PMID: 23482508]
[124]
Lv H, Zhao YH, Chen JG, Wang DY, Chen H. Vagus nerve stimulation for depression: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2019; 10: 64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00064] [PMID: 30766497]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
39
6
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy