Abstract
Background: High ethanol intake induces a neuroinflammatory response resulting in the subsequent maintenance of chronic alcohol consumption. The melanocortin system plays a pivotal role in the modulation of alcohol consumption. Interestingly, it has been shown that the activation of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in the brain decreases the neuroinflammatory response in models of brain damage other than alcohol consumption, such as LPS-induced neuroinflammation, cerebral ischemia, glutamate excitotoxicity, and spinal cord injury.
Objectives: In this work, we aimed to study whether MC4R activation by a synthetic MC4R-agonist peptide prevents ethanol-induced neuroinflammation, and if alcohol consumption produces changes in MC4R expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Methods: Ethanol-preferring Sprague Dawley rats were selected offering access to 20% ethanol on alternate days for 4 weeks (intermittent access protocol). After this time, animals were i.p. administered an MC4R agonist peptide in the last 2 days of the protocol. Then, the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex. It was also evaluated if ethanol intake produces alterations in the expression of MC4R in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. Results: Alcohol consumption increased the expression of MC4R in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. The administration of the MC4R agonist reduced IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels in hippocampus, hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex, to those observed in control rats that did not drink alcohol. Conclusion: High ethanol consumption produces an increase in the expression of MC4R in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. The administration of a synthetic MC4R-agonist peptide prevents neuroinflammation induced by alcohol consumption in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex. These results could explain the effect of α-MSH and other synthetic MC4R agonists in decreasing alcohol intake through the reduction of the ethanol-induced inflammatory response in the brain.Keywords: MC4R, melanocortin, α-MSH, alcohol use disorder, neuroinflammation, hypothalamus.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8] [PMID: 23245609]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6] [PMID: 21036393]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70099-2] [PMID: 17431955]
[PMID: 24881324]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agn079] [PMID: 18940959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1990.51.114] [PMID: 2308348]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6] [PMID: 23993280]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00027-6] [PMID: 10721495]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181e1299d] [PMID: 21769024]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00057] [PMID: 28420969]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.008] [PMID: 22316499]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.003] [PMID: 29113896]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.003] [PMID: 21402143]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00090] [PMID: 28424592]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/2259] [PMID: 17127267]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7394532] [PMID: 7394532]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0741-8329(96)00209-1] [PMID: 9305459]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.017] [PMID: 18190912]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06389.x] [PMID: 19765190]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01150.x] [PMID: 20201932]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.1013] [PMID: 10878378]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000374-199906000-00006] [PMID: 10397283]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00383.2004] [PMID: 15961886]
[PMID: 26695754]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.006] [PMID: 25689818]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0741-8329(04)00097-7] [PMID: 15528006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00510.x] [PMID: 17850217]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01084.x] [PMID: 19951300]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00578.x] [PMID: 18162070]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2005.01.016] [PMID: 15904720]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08662.x] [PMID: 10816638]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_3] [PMID: 21222258]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00128] [PMID: 24917782]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2003.10.003] [PMID: 14698676]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(02)00844-4] [PMID: 12379439]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01438.x] [PMID: 21332528]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.006] [PMID: 22713514]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-4179(90)90145-O] [PMID: 2174518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.06.006] [PMID: 23792540]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adb.12264] [PMID: 25975524]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adb.12126] [PMID: 24635847]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-04-02377.1994] [PMID: 8158274]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.22504] [PMID: 23832579]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0366] [PMID: 17595227]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.08.015] [PMID: 17095023]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000079321] [PMID: 15218320]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1999.7064] [PMID: 10364447]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01584-X] [PMID: 10415402]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.07.024] [PMID: 16154641]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0692] [PMID: 16254026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.015] [PMID: 21946115]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12031-007-0019-2] [PMID: 17952633]
[PMID: 8971834]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.1999.16.323] [PMID: 10225218]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2008.04.002] [PMID: 18550183]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlb.63.6.740] [PMID: 9620667]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-06-02181.1997] [PMID: 9045742]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000097313] [PMID: 9326743]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2005.12.002] [PMID: 16414147]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.1276] [PMID: 10486285]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057313] [PMID: 23468969]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00753.x] [PMID: 18671810]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.07.002] [PMID: 19671464]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.01.006] [PMID: 24721195]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2014.12.003] [PMID: 25616531]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjy056] [PMID: 30169758]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01250.x] [PMID: 3032012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.036] [PMID: 21803120]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-0930-6] [PMID: 28778220]