Abstract
Background: Motion of the two mutually immiscible liquids in hydrodynamic countercurrent chromatographic systems is speculated based on the observation of their behavior in a closed coiled tube rotating in unit gravity.
Materials and Methods: The experiment revealed an up and down pattern of four stages of twophase volume ratio occupied at the head end of the coil according to the rotation speed. These two-phase behaviors are comprehensively explained on the bases of interplay between the unit gravity and centrifugal force generated by rotation of the coil. This theory is successfully extended to explain the two-phase behavior in a coil undergoing the type-I and type-J planetary motions. Results and Discussion: The type-I planetary motion produces the centrifugal force distribution similar to that of slowly rotating coil in unit gravity (Stage I), where both phases competitively move toward the head of the coil. In contrast, the type-J planetary motion displays complex distribution patterns of centrifugal force according to the location of the coil on the holder hence the two-phase motion varies with the ß values. When ß is 0.5 – 0.75, the force pattern simulates that of the rotating coil in unit gravity at 120 rpm (Stage III) where the lighter phase moves toward the head leaving the heavier phase behind. Conclusion: This clearly demonstrates the importance of the proper choice of ß values in highspeed countercurrent chromatography utilizing the type-J planetary motion.Keywords: Archimedean screw effect, countercurrent chromatography, force distribution diagram, hydrodynamic CCC system, type-I planetary motion, type-J planetary motion.
[1]
Ito Y, Bowman RL. Countercurrent chromatography: Liquid-liquid partition chromatography without solid support. Science 1970; 167(3916): 281-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3916.281] [PMID: 5409709]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3916.281] [PMID: 5409709]
[2]
Ito Y. Principle and instrumentation of countercurrent chromatographyCountercurrent Chromatography: Theory and Practice; Mandava, NB Ito, Y, Eds; Marcel Dekker: New York, USA,. 1988; pp. 79-492.
[3]
Conway WD. Countercurrent Chromatography: Apparatus, Theory and Applications. New York, USA: VCH 1989.
[4]
Conway WD, Petroski RJ. Modern Countercurrent chromatography, ACS Symposium Series 593, ACS, Washington DC, USA 1993.
[5]
Foucault A, Ed. Centrifugal Partition Chromatography, Chromatographic Science Series CPC Press New York, USA. 1994.
[6]
(Editors) Countercurrent Chromatography, Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, Chromatographic series, vol. 82 In: 1999.
[7]
Berthod A, Ed. Countercurrent Chromatography: The support-free liquid stationary phase Elsevier Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2002.
[8]
Tanimura T, Pisano JJ, Ito Y, Bowman RL. Droplet countercurrent chromatography. Science 1970; 169(3940): 54-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3940.54] [PMID: 5447530]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3940.54] [PMID: 5447530]
[9]
Ito Y, Conway WD, Eds. High-speed countercurrent chromatography Wiley-Interscence New York, USA. 1996.
[10]
Ito Y. High-speed countercurrent chromatography. Nature 1987; 326(6111): 419-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326419a0] [PMID: 3561480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326419a0] [PMID: 3561480]
[11]
Ito Y. High-speed countercurrent chromatography. CRC Crit Rev Anal Chem 1986; 17(1): 65-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408348608085550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408348608085550]
[12]
Ito Y. Studies on hydrodynamic distribution of two immiscible solvent phases in rotating coils. J Liq Chrom 1988; 11(1): 1-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01483919808068311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01483919808068311]
[13]
Ito Y, Bowman RL. Countercurrent chromatography with the flow-through coil planet centrifuge. J Chromatogr Sci 1973; 11(6): 284-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/11.6.284] [PMID: 4708863]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/11.6.284] [PMID: 4708863]
[14]
Ito Y. Speculation on the mechanism of unilateral hydrodynamic distribution of two immiscible solvent phases in the rotating coil. J Liq Chrom 1992; 15: 2639-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826079208016340]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826079208016340]
[15]
Sutherland A, Muytjens J, Prins M, Wood P. A new hypothesis on phase distribution in countercurrent chromatography. J Liq Chrom & Rel Technol 2000; 23: 2259-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JLC-100100486]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JLC-100100486]
[16]
Du Q, Wu P, Ito Y. Low-speed rotary countercurrent chromatography using a convoluted multilayer helical tube for industrial separation. Anal Chem 2000; 72(14): 3363-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac991423q] [PMID: 10939412]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac991423q] [PMID: 10939412]
[17]
Ito Y, Weinstein M, Aoki I, Harada R, Kimura E, Nunogaki K. The coil planet centrifuge. Nature 1966; 212(5066): 985-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/212985a0] [PMID: 21090480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/212985a0] [PMID: 21090480]
[18]
Shibusawa Y, Yamakawa Y, Noji R, Yanagida A, Shindo H, Ito Y. Three-phase solvent systems for comprehensive separation of a wide variety of compounds by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133(1-2): 119-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.004] [PMID: 16920128]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.004] [PMID: 16920128]
[19]
Ito Y, Bowman RL. Foam countercurrent chromatography: New foam separation technique with flow-through coil planet centrifuge. Sep Sci 1976; 11(3): 201-6.
[20]
Oka H, Harada K, Suzuki M, Nakazawa H, Ito Y. Foam counter-current chromatography of bacitracin. I. Batch separation with nitrogen and water free of additives. J Chromatogr A 1989; 482(1): 197-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93220-0] [PMID: 2613778]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93220-0] [PMID: 2613778]
Article Metrics
6